Impact of titanium precursors on formation and electrochemical properties of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 anode materials for lithium-
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Impact of titanium precursors on formation and electrochemical properties of Li4Ti5O12 anode materials for lithium-ion batteries Chung-Yuan Kang 1 & Marcin Krajewski 2
&
Jeng-Yu Lin 1
Received: 22 July 2020 / Revised: 24 September 2020 / Accepted: 25 September 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract This work describes comparative study on the application of Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries which were successfully prepared by sol-gel synthesis with the use of two titanium sources. One of them was anatase-type titanium dioxide (TiO2), whereas the second was tetrabutyl titanate (TBT). Both obtained LTO materials were very similar in terms of their crystallinity and purity. In turn, the sample synthetized with TBT source revealed better particle dispersibility, and its particles were slightly lower in size. These particular features resulted in higher Li+ diffusion coefficient and better kinetic of Li+ ions during charge transfer reactions for the LTO synthetized with TBT source. This reflected in specific capacitance values for both electrodes which equalled 150 mAh g−1, 120 mAh g−1, and 63 mAh g−1 for TBT-LTO and 120 mAh g−1, 80 mAh g−1, and 58 mAh g−1 for TiO2-LTO at C-rates of 1, 5, and 10 C, respectively. Keywords Anode material . Lithium titanate . Lithium-ion batteries . Sol-gel synthesis . Tetrabutyl titanate . Titanium dioxide
Introduction Since the energy crisis in 1973 associated with the future predictions about the shortage of oil and other finite energy sources [1, 2], many people have begun to pay attention to the issues related to energy storage. This trend has caused that some of them look towards alternative renewable energy sources like solar energy, hydropower, wind power, and geothermal power. Nevertheless, the energy from natural sources requires the effective storage systems. This is one of the reasons why many scholars work on the energy storage devices such as lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) [3]. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-020-04831-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Marcin Krajewski [email protected] * Jeng-Yu Lin [email protected] 1
Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Tatung University, No. 40, Sec. 3, Chungshan North Rd., Taipei City 104, Taiwan
2
Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego Street 5B, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
In recent years, the cubic spinel Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) has become a promising anode material because of its many advantages, including a high working potential of the redox couple Ti4+/Ti3+ at 1.55 V (vs. Li/Li+), high safety, good cycling stability, high energy density, and excellent Li+ intercalation/ extraction reversibility without metallic lithium deposition and with near zero volume change during discharge–charge processes [4–8]. On the other hand, the LTO has some serious drawbacks, such as low theoretical capacity (175 mAh g−1), poor intrinsic elect
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