Logic, Action and Cognition Essays in Philosophical Logic
The present volume has its origin in a meeting of philosophers, linguists and cognitive scientists that was held at Umea University, Sweden, September 24-26, 1993. The meeting was organized by the Department of Philosophy in cooperation with the Departmen
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TRENDS IN LOGIC
Studia Logica Library VOLUME 2 Managing Editor Ryszard W6jcicki, Institute ofPhilosophy and Sociology, Polish Academy ofSciences, Warsaw, Poland Editors Petr Hajek, Institute ofComputer Sciences, Academy ofSciences ofthe Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic David Makinson, Ville d'Avray, France Daniele Mundici, Department ofComputer Sciences, University ofMilan, Italy Krister Segerberg, Department ofPhilosophy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden Alasdair Urquhart, DeparJment ofPhilosophy, University ofToronto, Canada Assistant Editor Jacek Malinowski, Box 61, UPT 00-953, Warszawa 37, Poland
SCOPE OF THE SERIES Trends in Logic is a bookseries covering essentially the same area as the journal Studia Logica - that is, contemporary formal logic and its applications and relations to other disciplines. These include artificial intelligence, informatics, cognitive science, philosophy of science, and the philosophy of language. However, this list is not exhaustive, moreover, the range of applications, comparisons and sources of inspiration is open and evolves over time.
EDITOR: Krister Segerberg
The titles published in this series are listed at the end ofthis volume.
LOGIC, ACTION AND COGNITION Essays in Philosophical Logic Edited by EVA ErERHED
Department of Linguisties, Umea University, Sweden
and STEN LINDSTRÖM
Department 0/ Philosophy, Umea University, Sweden
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Logic, action, and cognition : essays in philosophical logic / edited by Eva Ejerhed and Sten Lindström. p. cm. -- T, roughly saying that, under nonnal circumstances, some way of 'bringing it about that A' realizes the tautologous condition T. This is one way of interpreting the statement that the agent can, under normal circumstances, bring it about that A. The contributions of Janusz Czelakowski and Lennart Aqvist concern deontic logic. Czelakowski develops an approach, similar to that of dynamic logic, according to which atomic actions are represented by sets of transitions from one possible state of the world to another. Such transitions can be classified as legal, vii
PREFACE
viii
illegal or neutral. Compound actions are defined as sets of finite sequences of atomic actions. Within this framework Czelakowski distinguishes several notions of an atomic action being permitted, obligatory, forbidden, etc. The application of deontic concepts to compound actions is also discussed. In his contribution, Aqvist discusses a proposed definition of prima facie oughtness, going back to an idea of Chisholm according to which: 'prima facie it ought to be the case that A' should be analyzed as 'there is a state-of-affairs p such that p obtains and given that p, it ought to be the case that A'. David Makinson has pointed out that this analysis seems to have the unintuitive consequence that any state-of-affairs A that in fact obtains, prima facie ought to obtain. Aqvist argues that the analysis can be defended in spite of this criticism. Wlodek Rabinowic
