Logistic Regression for the Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer
The fourth known cause of cancer death in females can be attributed to cervical cancer. Cervical cancer claims more than 26,500 lives per year. This indeed is a matter of concern for everyone of us. Like any other disease, the requirement for many tests a
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1 Introduction Generally, cervical cancer is caused by genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. This virus mostly spreads through sexual contact. Usually, female bodies are able to fight this. But the persistent HPV viruses may cause changes in cervical cells which are a major reason for cervical cancer. Out of 12,000 diagnosed cases of cervical cancer, 4000 die each year. This is the scenario of a developed country; from here, we can imagine the condition of developing nations. Cervical cancer is a type of cancer which happens due to abnormal growth of cell in the cervix part of human body. This type of cancer can be treated easily if found in early stages. Anyone can get a cervical cancer if they come in contact with HPV virus. But all HPV viruses are not dangerous or show early symptoms. Some cause genital warts also (Fig. 1). Cervical cancer mostly occurs during midlife of a person (20 and above). 15% of the patients with cervical cancer are of age from 50 to 65, as many people do not realize that as they age the chances of getting cervical cancer do not decrease. As in any other diseases, the existence of multi-screening and diagnosis methods creates a complex ecosystem from a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system point of view. For instance, in the detection of pre-cancerous cervical lesions, screening strategies include cytology, colposcopy (covering its several modalities [1]), and the gold-standard biopsy. This makes people dependent on doctor’s knowledge and experience for the diagnosis of cancer. If we see this from a technical view, this methodology will have a multi-modal and multi-expert setting, which is not only time-consuming but also a complex process. S. Singh (B) · S. Panday · M. Panday · S. S. Rautaray School of Computer Engineering, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India e-mail: [email protected] S. Panday e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019 R. K. Shukla et al. (eds.), Data, Engineering and Applications, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6347-4_10
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Fig. 1 Images for cervical cancer. Source Google
Hinselmann’s test is a testing given by Hans Hinselmann in the year 1924. He developed a colposcope prototype which will help in recognition of cervical cancer in early stages which was not possible prior to his time. Now, a colposcopy test is done after a pap test to check the existence of tumor in cervix. Before Hinselmann, the test for cervical cancer consists of palpation and doctor’s knowledge. Hinselmann gave us approach which magnifies the view of cervix, and in return we get a more accurate result. This is done using a colposcope which initially made of lenses, binoculars, a stand, light source, and a couple of screws. Now, the good part is it is curable. There are various methods to cure cervical cancer. Although this paper does not deal with curation of cervical cancer, there are a few of methods from which we can cure cervical cancer. For various stages of cancer, there are different treatments. Be it chemotherapy or
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