Low-cost production of PHA using cashew apple ( Anacardium occidentale L.) juice as potential substrate: optimization an
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Low-cost production of PHA using cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale L.) juice as potential substrate: optimization and characterization A. Arumugam 1 & T. S. Anudakshaini 1 & R. Shruthi 1 & K. Jeyavishnu 1 & S. Sundarra Harini 1 & J. S. Sharad 1 Received: 26 April 2019 / Revised: 27 July 2019 / Accepted: 14 August 2019 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract Polyhydroxyalkanoates are polyesters of R-hydroxyalkonic acids, prominently used as bioplastics on grounds of their complete biodegradable and environment-friendly characteristics. There is an upsurge in need of an alternative low-cost, renewable carbon source for the production of PHA for enhanced economic and to exert a positive impact on the industries. In the present work, cashew apple juice (CAJ) was supplemented as a carbon source for Cupriavidus necator to produce PHA. (NH4)2SO4, NH4Cl, NH4NO3 and CO(NH2)2, and NaNO3 were tested and urea was found to be the best nitrogen source that supports optimal growth of the microorganism. The production process was then optimized using response surface methodology by incorporating the effects of total reducing sugar concentration, urea concentration, and inoculum size. Under optimized condition, the resulting PHA yield was found to be 15.78 g/L with total reducing sugar concentration of 50 g/L, inoculum size of 50 mL/L, and urea concentration of 3 g/L. FT-IR, NMR, TGA, and DSC analysis revealed the product to be a copolymer of hydroxybutyrate and hydroxyvalerate. Keywords Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) . Cashew apple juice (CAJ) . Cupriavidus necator . Response surface methodology (RSM)
1 Introduction PHAs (polyhydroxyalkanoates) are the desired replacement for conventional plastics on the grounds that it has better biodegradability and physicochemical properties [1]. They are biocompatible, completely biodegradable, enantiomerically pure, exhibit piezoelectricity, highly stable with structural biodiversity, and good processability [2]. These properties are attributed due to the monomeric units of PHA (from 50,000 to 1,000,000 Da) [3]. SCL (small chain length) biopolymers exhibit a high degree of crystallinity (80%) with high melting point whereas MCL PHAs (medium-chain length polyhydroxyalkanoates) exhibit low crystallinity (25%) with a low melting point. SCL PHAs exhibit unique feature of being brittle and stiff compared to MCL PHAs which is highly
* A. Arumugam [email protected] 1
School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur 613 401, India
flexible and elastic [4]. They are produced as granular inclusions in cell cytoplasm with 0.2 ± 0.5 mm in diameter [5] and are used for the production of bioplastics, medical implants, and drug delivery systems. PHAs are used across diverse disciples attributable to its potential application conferred due to its eco-friendly and physicochemical properties. They are used in medical implants for their biocompatible nature [6]. Evidence suggests that PHAs are used as drug car
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