Reshaping Apple Juice Production Into a Zero Discharge Biorefinery Process
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Reshaping Apple Juice Production Into a Zero Discharge Biorefinery Process Josipa Lisičar Vukušić1 · Thomas Millenautzki1 · Ronny Cieplik2 · Veit Obst3 · Abdechafik Mokhlis Saaid1 · Leonardo Clavijo4 · Slododan Zlatanovic2 · Jendrik Hof5 · Marek Mösche5 · Stéphan Barbe1 Received: 7 November 2018 / Accepted: 14 September 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract In the last decade, the utilization of waste by-product apple pomace has been extensively researched (due to its difficult disposal) and currently finds beneficial usage in various industries; as substrate for microbial growth or recovery of pectin, xyloglucan and polyphenols. In this research apple juice was produced at pilot scale. Furthermore, apple pomace was employed as substrate for the production of pectin, biofuel (pellets) and concentrated apple pomace extract. Extensive mass and heat balances were conducted to evaluate the feasibility of this approach on industrial scale. The produced pellets had very similar characteristics to wood pellets (net calorific value of 20.3 MJ/kg). Dried apple pomace contained 11.9% of pectin. Fed-batch cultivation of baker´s yeast with apple pomace extract demonstrated a potential for partial substitution of molasses in industrial bioprocesses. This concept shows how a zero discharge biorefinery process converts waste from apple juice production into three valuable products enabling connections between different industries.
* Stéphan Barbe stephan.barbe@th‑koeln.de 1
Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, Technische Hochschule Köln, Kaiser‑Wilhelm‑Allee, 51373 Leverkusen, Germany
2
Faculty of Information Science and Communication Studies, Technische Hochschule Köln, Steinmüllerallee 1, 51643 Gummersbach, Germany
3
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gausstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
4
Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de La República, Av. J. Herrera y Reissig 565, 11300 Montevideo, Uruguay
5
Uniferm GmbH & Co. KG, Industriestraße 2, 40789 Monheim am Rhein, Germany
13
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Waste and Biomass Valorization
Graphic Abstract
Keywords Apple juice · Apple pomace · Pectin · Pellets · Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Statement of Novelty Apple pomace could be a fully valorised product. A zero discharge biorefinery concept is presented; it generates value added products (Pectin, Feed Stock & Biofuels) out of this stream.
Introduction Apple is one of the most favoured and consumed fruits by mankind widely grown in temperate regions of the world [1, 2]. Its yearly production in 2016 was 89.33 million tonnes [3]. Most of the fruit is used fresh and around 13% in apple juice manufacture [4]. In 2017 739 thousand tonnes of apple juice was produced in Germany (Fig. 1). In large scale apple juice production, the raw juice represents 75% of the processed apple mass and the remaining 25% is the by-product, apple pomace [1]. The processing of apples begins with washing and sorting (removal of damaged and diseased fruit). Apples are then grinded
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