Low Molecular Weight Materials: Electron Injection Materials
Electron injection layer is a promising technique to lower driving voltage and increase efficiency in organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs). Understanding energy level alignment and interfacial chemistry between an organic layer and metal cathode is also
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Contents 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Electron Injection Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 Metal Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Alkali Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Alkali Metal Halides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Alkali Metal Salts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 Alkali Metal Phenolate Complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 Air-Stable Organic n-dopants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Abstract
Electron injection layer is a promising technique to lower driving voltage and increase efficiency in organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs). Understanding energy level alignment and interfacial chemistry between an organic layer and metal cathode is also a crucial issue. In this chapter, we review various electron injection materials used in OLEDs including low-work-function metal alloys, alkali metals, alkali earth metals, alkali metal halides, alkali metal salts, alkali metal phenolate complexes, and organic n-dopants.
T. Chiba · J. Kido Department of Organic Device Engineering, Research Center for Organic Electronics, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Y.-J. Pu (*) Center of Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Japan KK, part of Springer Nature 2021 C. Adachi et al. (eds.), Handbook of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55761-6_7-1
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Keywords
Organic Light Emitting Diode · Electron Injection · Alkali Metal
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Introduction
Conventional organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) have a multilayer structure consisting of a hole injection layer, hole transporting layer, light-emitting layer, electron transporting layer, and electron in
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