Lower education is an associated factor with the combination of pain catastrophizing and kinesiophobia in patients with
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Lower education is an associated factor with the combination of pain catastrophizing and kinesiophobia in patients with knee osteoarthritis? Jessica Bianca Aily 1 & Aline Castilho de Almeida 1 & Paula C. Ramírez 1,2 & Tiago da Silva Alexandre 1,3 & Stela Marcia Mattiello 1 Received: 14 September 2020 / Revised: 17 November 2020 / Accepted: 19 November 2020 # International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR) 2020
Abstract Objectives To analyze if socioeconomic characteristics as lower education and lower family income are associated factors with the combination of pain catastrophizing and kinesiophobia in patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Methods This cross-sectional study included 140 participants aged 40 years or older with KOA grades II and III. Based on the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) and the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK), four groups were identified: non-catastrophic/ non-kinesiophobic (NC/NK), non-catastrophic/non-kinesiophobic (NC/K), catastrophic/non-kinesiophobic (C/NK), and catastrophic/kinesiophobic (C/K). Pain intensity was measured using the visual analog scale (VAS). The 30-s chair stand test was performed to access physical function. Sociodemographic characteristics included age, sex, years of formal education (0 to 11 and > 11), and family income (up to 2 minimum wages and > 2). Multinomial regression analysis adjusted for age, radiographic severity, physical function, and pain intensity was used to determine the association between lower education and lower family income with the combination of pain catastrophizing and kinesiophobia. Results Only lower education was independently associated with the combination of pain catastrophizing and kinesiophobia (OR = 3.96 CI 95% 1.01–15.51). Conclusions Lower education but not lower family income was an important associated factor with the combination of pain catastrophizing and kinesiophobia in individuals with knee osteoarthritis. Thus, physician and physical therapist must pay attention on this important socioeconomic characteristic while conducting the treatment, since specific strategies of approach could be necessary for those patients. Key points • Lower education is an important associated factor with the combination of pain catastrophizing and kinesiophobia in individuals with knee osteoarthritis. • Physician and physical therapist must pay attention on patients schooling while conducting the treatment.
Keywords Biopsychosocial factors . Lower education . Osteoarthritis . Socioeconomic factors
Introduction * Stela Marcia Mattiello [email protected] 1
Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Washington Luís Rd, 235 km - SP-310, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
2
School of Physical Therapy, Universidad Industrial de Santander (UIS), Carrera 32 #, 29-31 Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
3
Gerontology Graduate Program, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Washington Luís Rd, 235 km - SP-310, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is one of the
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