Major air pollutants seasonal variation analysis and long-range transport of PM 10 in an urban environment with specific
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Major air pollutants seasonal variation analysis and long-range transport of PM10 in an urban environment with specific climate condition in Transylvania (Romania) Zsolt Bodor 1,2,3
&
Katalin Bodor 1,2,3 & Ágnes Keresztesi 1,2,3 & Róbert Szép 1,2,3
Received: 23 April 2020 / Accepted: 22 June 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The air quality decrease, especially in urban areas, is related to local-scale conditions and to dispersion of air pollutants (regional and long-range) as well. The main objective of this study was to decipher the seasonal variation of PM10, NO, NO2, NOx, SO2, O3, and CO over a 1-year period (2017) and the possible relationships between air pollution and meteorological variables. Furthermore, trajectory cluster analysis and concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) methods were used to assess the trajectories and the sourcereceptor relationship of PM10 in the Ciuc basin Transylvania, known as the “Cold Pole” of Romania. The pollutants show lower concentrations during warmer periods, especially during summer, and significantly higher concentrations were observed on heating season in winter due to seasonal variations in energy use (biomass burning) and atmospheric stability. Subsequently, in February, the highest concentration of PM10 was 132 μg/m3, which is 4 times higher than the highest recorded monthly mean. Our results indicate a negative correlation between CO/temperature (− 0.89), NOx/temperature (− 0.84) and positive between NOx/PM10 (0.95), CO/PM10 (0.9), and NOx/CO (0.98), respectively. Dominant transport pathways were identified and the results revealed that slowmoving southerly (~ 45%) and northwesterly (~ 32%) air masses represent almost 80% and mainly regional flows were discerned. During 2017, increased PM10 levels were measured at the study site when air masses arrived mostly from northwest and southeast. The CWT and polarplot models show a strong seasonal variation and significant differences were observed between weekdays and weekends, namely highest PM10 concentrations during weekends at low wind speed (2–4 m/s). Keywords Seasonal variation . Backward trajectory . Cluster analysis . PM10 . Air pollution . CWT
Introduction In the twenty-first century, one of the biggest challenges is air pollution, not only at global scale but also at local and regional Responsible Editor: Gerhard Lammel Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09838-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Zsolt Bodor [email protected] 1
Department of Bioengineering, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Piaţa Libertăţii 1, 530104 Miercurea Ciuc, Romania
2
Institute for Research and Development for Hunting and Mountain Resources, str. Progresului, 35/B, 530240 Miercurea Ciuc, Romania
3
Faculty of Natural Sciences, Doctoral School of Chemistry, University of Pécs, Ifjúság 6, Pécs 7624, Hungary
levels. Air pollution may vary from minutes to decades (Liu et al. 2011,
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