Management of Tribolium castaneum using synergism between conventional fumigant and plant essential oils
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
Management of Tribolium castaneum using synergism between conventional fumigant and plant essential oils Abdul Khaliq 1 & Muhammad Irfan Ullah 1 & Muhammad Afzal 1 & Sajjad Ali 2 & Asif Sajjad 2 & Akhlaq Ahmad 3 & Samina Khalid 4 Received: 20 September 2019 / Accepted: 26 February 2020 # African Association of Insect Scientists 2020
Abstract Conventional fumigants, used to control stored grain insect pests, have not only led to environmental and health concerns, but also raised insecticide resistance development in insect pests. Their efficiency is diminishing owing to variable degree of application, accuracy, exposure time, conditions and frequency of usage. Red Flour Beetle (RFB), Tribolium castaneum, is pest of high economic importance in stored grain products. It was trialed for evaluation of entomotoxicity of plant essential oils (Calotropis procera, Azadirachta indica, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Datura stramonium and Nicotiana tabacum) and phosphine gas at various concentrations alone and synergistically. Results depicted that essential oil of N. tabacum and phosphine gas caused the highest mortality (65% and 80%, respectively) at their highest concentrations (15% and 500 ppm). The highest synergistic toxic effect was observed for N. tabacum and A. indica essential oils at 500 ppm + 15% combination while the least synergistic toxic effect was observed in E. camaldulensis (37% mortality) with respect to the control treatment. Progeny development in the treated RFB females was significantly suppressed by the higher concentrations of plant essential oils and phosphine gas. Similarly, Phosphine combinations with N. tabacum and C. procera significantly suppressed the F1 progeny multifold as compared to control treatment. Eco-friendly biopesticides based on plant extracts or oils, with affirmative synergism, can be integrated as part of management module to control stored grain insect pests for a safer food storage and supply. Keywords Phosphine . Biopesticide . Synergism . Stored grain pests . T. castaneum
Introduction Food security has always been the most strategic aim of the nations, worldwide. Food safety is a complementary module due to losses endured by a number of biotic and abiotic factors during production, handling and storage. The extent of such losses depends upon post-harvest management system and * Sajjad Ali [email protected] 1
Department of Entomology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
2
Department of Entomology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
3
Food Quality and Safety Research Institute, Southern-zone Agric0075ltural Research Centre, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Karachi University Campus, Karachi, Pakistan
4
Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University, Vehari 61100, Pakistan
pest control measures. Cosmopolitan insect pests are critical factors in temperate and tropical regions of Asia, Africa and America in reducing the commodity weight and nutritional status (Fouad et al. 2014). Mainta
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