Mapping Oolitic Iron Ore Deposits in the Ashumaysi Formation, Western Saudi Arabia, Using Different Remote Sensing Techn
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Mapping Oolitic Iron Ore Deposits in the Ashumaysi Formation, Western Saudi Arabia, Using Different Remote Sensing Techniques Applied to Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus Data (ETM+) Habes A. Ghrefat1 • Abdullah A. Al Zahrani1 • Mahmoud A. Galmed1,2 Received: 19 September 2017 / Accepted: 3 June 2018 Ó Indian Society of Remote Sensing 2018
Abstract Mapping the surficial extent of oolitic iron ore deposits hosted in the Oligo–Miocene sedimentary rocks of the Ashumaysi Formation, western Saudi Arabia, was carried out using Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM?) data. Ore samples were collected from four various locations in the study area, and were studied in the laboratory using the GER 3700 Spectroradiometer (0.4–2.5 lm) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Principal component analysis (PCA), minimum noise fraction (MNF), and minimum distance classification were used and assessed to map mineralization zones in the study area. Good correspondences were observed between the results obtained from the above mentioned techniques, spectral reflectance analyses, and XRD. The confusion matrix results revealed that mapping of iron ores using MNF is better and more accurate than using PCA. Good matching was also observed between the spectral reflectance curves of the collected samples and the corresponding pixels from Landsat 7 ETM?. The results demonstrated the usefulness of the image processing and interpretation of Landsat 7 ETM? data for the detection and delineation iron ore deposits in arid and semiarid areas. Keywords Oolitic Landsat 7 ETM? Mapping Accuracy assessment Saudi Arabia
Introduction The geologic mapping and mineral exploration are carried out using various multispectral and hyperspectral remote sensing data (Rowan and Mars 2003; Qaid et al. 2009; Pour and Hashim 2011; Ciampalini et al. 2012, 2013; Liu et al. 2014; Son et al. 2014). Additionally, goethite and hematite are identified using the spectral information in visible and near-infrared (VNIR) region (Fraser 1991), while Al–OH, Mg–OH, and CO32- absorption features located in the shortwave infrared (SWIR) region are used to detect and map hydrothermal alteration and carbonate minerals (Hunt
& Habes A. Ghrefat [email protected] 1
Department of Geology and Geophysics, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
2
Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
1977; Ciampalini et al. 2013; Ali and Pour 2014; Ducart et al. 2016). Metallic minerals extraction, such as hematite, limonite, goethite, and magnetite, derived from iron ores is important in the industry and agriculture, the detection and mapping of aerial extent and abundance of iron ore deposits is valuable in planning for the exploration of such mineral resources. These deposits were mapped in Zagros Belt, Myanmar, Egypt, Sudan, Kenya, west Africa, and the western Sahara and southwestern Algeria Sahara using Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM), Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM?), Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emis
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