Marine Resource Damage Assessment Liability and Compensation for Env
Prof. Dr. FRANK MAES Department of Public International Law & Maritime Institute Ghent University, Belgium Universiteitstraat 6, B – Ghent, Tel. : + 32 9 264 68 95, Fax: + 32 9 264 69 89 E-mail: Frank. Maes@UGent. be The contributions to this book are
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Marine Resource Damage Assessment Liability and Compensation for Environmental Damage
Edited by
FRANK MAES Department of Public International Law & Maritime Institute, University of Ghent, Belgium
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN-10 ISBN-13 ISBN-10 ISBN-13
1-4020-3369-9 (HB) 978-1-4020-3369-8 (HB) 1-4020-3368-0 (e-book) 978-1-4020-3268-1 (e-book)
Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springeronline.com
Cover images: Sinking of the ‘Prestige’ off the coast of Spain, 19th of November in 2002. The pictures are used with the permission of Douane Française – François Guyader.
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved © 2005 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed in the Netherlands.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION Frank MAES
xv
PART I. LEGAL ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE CHAPTER 1. ESTIMATING DAMAGES UNDER THE 2004 EC DIRECTIVE ON ENVIRONMENTAL LIABILITY Edward H.P. BRANS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. THE SCOPE OF THE REGIME - A GENERAL OVERVIEW 3. WHAT NATURAL RESOURCES ARE COVERED? 3.1. Damage to protected species and habitats 3.2. Damage to waters covered by the Water Framework Directive 3.3. Soil pollution 3.4. Owned and unowned natural resources 4. STANDING - THE STATE AS A TRUSTEE FOR PUBLIC NATURAL RESOURCES 4.1. Public interest groups 4.2. Property owners 5. DAMAGE ASSESSMENT 5.1. Measure of damages 5.2. Primary and compensatory restoration measures 5.2.1. Methods to scale compensatory restoration measures Scaling The service-to-service approach The valuation approach Outlook 5.2.2. Selecting the preferred restoration alternative 5.3. Designating competent authorities 5.4. Cooperative assessments 6. INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS 7. CONCLUSION
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3 4 6 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 14 15 16 17 17 18 19 19 20 21 22 25
vi CHAPTER 2. ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE AND BELGIAN LAW Laurent PROOT & Hubert BOCKEN
27
1. DEFINITION OF THE NOTION ‘ECOLOGICAL DAMAGE’ 2. OVERVIEW OF BELGIAN LIABILITY LAW WITH REGARD TO ECOLOGICAL DAMAGE 2.1. Common Belgian liability law and ecological damage 2.1.1. Fault liability 2.1.2. Strict liability 2.1.3. Limitations of common Belgian liability law concerning ecological damage 2.2. The Act of 20 January 1999 on the protection of the marine environment in the maritime areas under the jurisdiction of Belgium: overview of the liability system 2.2.1. Strict liability 2.2.2. Damage and environmental disruption: right of standing 2.2.3. Restoration in kind 2.2.4. Environmental fund 2.3. Monetary compensation for ecological damage to the marine environment in Belgian liability law: possible? Desirable? 2.3.1. The Act of 20 Janua
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