Mast cells and angiogenesis in multiple sclerosis
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Inflammation Research
REVIEW
Mast cells and angiogenesis in multiple sclerosis Domenico Ribatti1 · Roberto Tamma1 · Tiziana Annese1 Received: 1 June 2020 / Revised: 6 August 2020 / Accepted: 11 August 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease, characterized by multiple demyelination of axons in both white and gray matter in the Central Nervous System (CNS). There is increasing evidence to support the notion that angiogenesis and chronic inflammation are mutually related. Different immune cells, including monocytes–macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, mast cells (MCs) and dendritic cells are able to secrete an array of angiogenic cytokines, which promote growth, migration, and activation of endothelial cells. MCs play various roles in MS pathogenesis, influencing the innate immune response in peripheral tissues and in CNS. The aim of this review article is to discuss the role of MCs in MS pathogenesis with particular reference to the involvement of these inflammatory cells in the angiogenic processes occurring during MS. Keywords Angiogenesis · Inflammation mast cells · Multiple sclerosis
Introduction Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease, characterized by multiple demyelination of axons in both white and gray matter in the Central Nervous System (CNS). The course of the disease involves an early, predominantly inflammatory demyelinating disease phase of relapsing remitting MS (RRMS), accounting for ~ 85% of cases, which evolves into a progressively degenerative stage associated with axonal loss and scar formation, causing physical and cognitive disability. MS has been considered an adaptive immune response through the activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, specifically identifying myelin fragments that induce tissue damage [1]. Myelin destruction is initiated by myelin-reactive T cells, and is further amplified by the inflammatory response of myeloid cells, including brain-resident microglia and infiltrating inflammatory macrophages [2]. There is increasing evidence to support the notion that angiogenesis and chronic inflammation are mutually related. Different immune cells, including monocytes–macrophages, Responsible Editor: John Di Battista. * Domenico Ribatti [email protected] 1
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Policlinico, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
lymphocytes, neutrophils, mast cells (MCs) and dendritic cells are able to secrete an array of angiogenic cytokines, which promote growth, migration, and activation of endothelial cells. MCs have been identified in different components of the CNS, including leptomeninges, where MCs play a role in limiting infections of the brain parenchyma [3], thalamus and hypothalamus the dura mater of the spinal cord the infundibulum, pineal organ, area postrema, choroid plexuses, supraoptic crest, the subfornical organ and the ventricles [4, 5]. The aim of this review article is to discuss the role of MC
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