Mast Cells
Human mast cells (MCs) are classified into two phenotypes as to whether they contain the detectable levels of chymase in their granules. MCs having chymase at high levels (MCTC) can respond to substance P and C5a, whereas MCs lacking detectable chymase (M
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Mast Cells Hirohisa Saito
Keywords
Mast cells • Tryptase • Chymase • IL-13 • Glucocorticoid • FcεRI
Abbreviations Core Message
CPA3 cys-LT FcεRI GC GM-CSF IL MCs MCT MCTC MIP NFAT NF-κB PAF PGD2 SCF TLR TNF-α TSLP
Carboxypeptidase A3 Cysteinyl leukotriene High-affinity receptor for IgE Glucocorticoid Granulocyte-macrophage colonystimulating factor Interleukin Mast cells T-type mast cells TC-type mast cells Macrophage inflammatory protein Nuclear factor-activated T Nuclear factor-κB Platelet-activating factor Prostaglandin D2 Stem cell factor Toll-like receptor Tumor necrosis factor Thymic stromal lymphopoietin
H. Saito, MD, PhD Department of Allergy & Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, 157-8535 Tokyo, Japan e-mail: [email protected]
Mast cells trigger not only the immediatetype allergic reactions in an IgE-mediated manner but also the late-phase allergic response and chronic allergic inflammation.
5.1
Introduction
Mast cells (MCs) serve as essential effector cells for acute IgE-mediated allergic reactions by releasing histamine and other vasoactive mediators, as seen in allergic rhinitis, for example. MCs are also recognized as important source of a variety of cytokines and chemokines. Thus, MCs trigger not only the immediate-type allergic reactions in an IgEmediated manner but also the late-phase allergic response and chronic allergic inflammation, thereby regulating the function of other immune cells. MCs are present throughout connective tissues and mucosal surfaces, particularly at the interface with the external environment such as the skin and respiratory tract (Hawrylowicz et al. 2006). The nasal mucosa is the first barrier of the entire respiratory tract that encounters various pathogens or allergens. In this review, I will summarize the roles of MCs in allergic airway diseases by focusing on the role of human MCs in the airways.
T.M. Önerci (ed.), Nasal Physiology and Pathophysiology of Nasal Disorders, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-37250-6_5, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
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5.2
Origin and Distribution of MCs
MCs originate from hematopoietic progenitors. Kitamura et al. discovered two different mice strains genetically lacking MCs: Sl/Sld mice lacking SCF, which was turned out to be the mast cell growth factor, and W/Wv mice lacking KIT, which is the receptor for SCF. By using these “natural” MC deficient mice, it was established that immature MC progenitors can migrate from bone marrow into the tissue through blood circulation, unlike immature granulocytes which are kept in bone marrow. Then, these cells undergo maturation in the tissues under specific factors like stem cell factor (SCF) present within the microenvironment (Kitamura et al. 1977, 1978; Kitamura and Go 1979). Phenotypically distinct subsets of MCs are present in rodents, based on their distinct staining characteristics, T-cell dependency, and functions, namely, connective tissue MCs and mucosal MCs (Befus et al. 1982; Pearce et al. 1982).
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