Maternal serum Vitamin B12 and offspring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
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ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION
Maternal serum Vitamin B12 and offspring attention‑deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Andre Sourander1,2,3 · Sanju Silwal1 · Subina Upadhyaya1 · Heljä‑Marja Surcel4,5 · Susanna Hinkka‑Yli‑Salomäki1 · Ian W. McKeague6 · Keely Cheslack‑Postava7 · Alan S. Brown7,8 Received: 20 February 2020 / Accepted: 15 August 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Maternal Vitamin B12 deficiency during pregnancy is associated with offspring neuropsychiatric disorders. Few previous studies examining this association with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) report inconsistent findings. The study examines the association between maternal serum Vitamin B12 levels and offsprings’ risk of ADHD. This study is based on the Finnish Prenatal Study of ADHD with a nested case–control design. All the singleton children born in Finland between January 1998 and December 1999 and diagnosed with ADHD were included in the study. A total of 1026 cases were matched with an equal number of controls on sex, date of birth and place of birth. Maternal Vitamin B12 levels were assessed using a chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay and archived from maternal serum banks, collected during the first and early second trimester of pregnancy. Lower maternal Vitamin B12 levels when analyzed as a continuous variable was not associated with offspring ADHD (aOR 0.97, 95% CI 0.79–1.18, p = 0.75). No significant associations were seen in the lowest quintile of Vitamin B12 levels (aOR 0.96, 95% CI 0.73–1.27, p = 0.80). This is the first study examining maternal sera Vitamin B12 levels during early pregnancy and offspring ADHD. The result suggests that Vitamin B12 deficiency during early pregnancy has specificity for some disorders but not with offspring ADHD. Keywords Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder · ADHD · Maternal · Prenatal · Vitamin B12
Andre Sourander and Sanju Silwal: shared authorship. * Andre Sourander [email protected] 1
Department of Child Psychiatry, Research Centre for Child Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 3/ Teutori (3rd floor), 20014 Turku, Finland
2
Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
3
INVEST Research Flagship, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
4
Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
5
Biobank Borealis of Northern Finland, Oulu, Finland
6
Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
7
Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
8
Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
Introduction Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by symptoms of hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention [1]. The estimated prevalence of ADHD is 3.4% in children [2]. Although there is strong evidence for genetic factors in
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