Maternal urinary concentrations of organophosphate ester metabolites: associations with gestational weight gain, early l
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RESEARCH
Open Access
Maternal urinary concentrations of organophosphate ester metabolites: associations with gestational weight gain, early life anthropometry, and infant eating behaviors among mothers-infant pairs in Rhode Island Kathryn A. Crawford1,2* , Nicola Hawley3, Antonia M. Calafat4, Nayana K. Jayatilaka4, Rosemary J. Froehlich5, Phinnara Has6, Lisa G. Gallagher1, David A. Savitz7,8, Joseph M. Braun7, Erika F. Werner6,8 and Megan E. Romano1
Abstract Background: Organophosphate esters (OPEs)—used as flame retardants and plasticizers—are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as reduced fecundity and live births and increased preterm delivery. OPEs may interfere with growth and metabolism via endocrine-disruption, but few studies have investigated endocrinerelated outcomes. The objective of this pilot study (n = 56 mother-infant pairs) was to evaluate associations of OPEs with gestational weight gain (GWG), gestational age at delivery, infant anthropometry, and infant feeding behaviors. Methods: We quantified OPE metabolites (bis-2-chloroethyl phosphate [BCEP], bis (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate [BDCPP], diphenyl phosphate [DPHP]) in pooled maternal spot urine collected throughout pregnancy (~ 12, 28, and 35 weeks’ gestation). We obtained maternal sociodemographic characteristics from questionnaires administered at enrollment and perinatal characteristics from medical record abstraction. Trained research assistants measured infant weight, length, head and abdominal circumferences, and skinfold thicknesses at birth and 6 weeks postpartum. Mothers reported infant feeding behavior via the Baby Eating Behavior Questionnaire (BEBQ). Using multiple linear regression, we assessed associations of log2-transformed maternal urinary OPE metabolites with GWG, gestational age at delivery, infant anthropometry at birth, weekly growth rate, and BEBQ scores at 6 weeks postpartum. We used linear mixed effects (LME) models to analyze overall infant anthropometry during the first 6 weeks of life. Additionally, we considered effect modification by infant sex. (Continued on next page)
* Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA 2 Current Address: Program in Environmental Studies, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, USA Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
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