Measurement and analysis of significant effects on charging times of radio frequency energy harvesting systems
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Measurement and analysis of significant effects on charging times of radio frequency energy harvesting systems Mustafa Cansiz1 Received: 2 December 2019 / Accepted: 17 June 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting as an alternative energy source is an emerging technology that supplies energy for low power wireless devices. In this study, the impacts of RF sources, antenna gains, output power levels and path losses on charging times of an RF energy harvesting system were measured and analyzed in detail. An advanced measurement system that consisted of RF sources used as signal generators, dipole and patch antennas, an RF energy harvesting circuit and the other auxiliary devices were installed for acquiring measurement samples. The generated RF power signals in continuous wave mode at 915 MHz carrier frequency were collected wirelessly by the RF energy harvesting circuit for different antenna gains and output power levels at distances from 20 to 50 cm at the interval of 5 cm. The measurement samples were analyzed statistically. According to the measurement results, it was determined that double RF sources, 6.1 dBi antenna gain and 17 dBm output power level reduced the charging times by 63.09%, 59.24% and 46.41% on average, respectively. Keywords Energy harvesting · Radio frequency · Measurement · Charging time · Statistics
1 Introduction Recently, an increase has been observed in the number of electronic devices in our surroundings due to the rapid developments in electronic industry. Therefore, our needs for energy are increasing over time. Many energy sources such as solar [1], wind [2], thermal gradients [3] and electromagnetic waves [4, 5] exist in nature. Electromagnetic waves radiated by RF sources are ubiquitous. RF energy harvesting technology enables energy to be extracted from the electromagnetic waves in the ambient environment, and hence, it can provide power for operating low power electronic devices [6, 7]. RF energy harvesting technology as an alternative energy source is a promising technology, and this technology is used in many practical areas such as agriculture, defense, security, building automation, industrial monitoring and data center. The amount of harvested RF energy depends on many factors such as the number of transmitters, antenna gains of receiver and transmitter, output power levels, wavelengths * Mustafa Cansiz [email protected] 1
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dicle University, 21280 Diyarbakir, Turkey
of the RF power signals, distance between transmitter and receiver. The higher the power levels in the ambient environment, the greater the amount of harvested RF energy. In order to determine the RF bands and their power levels, electromagnetic waves in the ambient environment should be measured and investigated. For that purpose, many RF spectral measurements [8–15] were carried out in different countries. After the most powerful frequency bands are detect
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