Measuring gender attitudes using list experiments
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Measuring gender attitudes using list experiments M. Niaz Asadullah 1,2,3,4,5 & Elisabetta De Cao 4,6 & Fathema Zhura Khatoon 7 & Zahra Siddique 4,5,8 Received: 10 May 2019 / Accepted: 9 September 2020/ # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract We elicit adolescent girls’ attitudes towards intimate partner violence and child marriage using purposefully collected data from rural Bangladesh. Alongside direct survey questions, we conduct list experiments to elicit true preferences for intimate partner violence and marriage before age 18. Responses to direct survey questions suggest that very few adolescent girls in the study accept the practises of intimate partner violence and child marriage (5% and 2%). However, our list experiments reveal significantly higher support for both intimate partner violence and child marriage (at 30% and 24%). We further investigate how numerous variables relate to preferences for egalitarian gender norms in rural Bangladesh.
Responsible editor: Klaus F. Zimmermann
* Zahra Siddique [email protected] M. Niaz Asadullah [email protected] Elisabetta De Cao [email protected] Fathema Zhura Khatoon [email protected]
1
University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2
University of Reading , Berkshire, UK
3
University of Manchester , Manchester, UK
4
IZA Institute of Labor Economics , Bonn, Germany
5
Global Labor Organization, Essen, Germany
6
London School of Economics, London, UK
7
BRAC, Dhaka, Bangladesh
8
University of Bristol , Bristol, UK
M. N. Asadullah et al.
Keywords List experiment . Indirect response survey methods . Intimate partner violence .
Child marriage . Bangladesh JEL codes I15 . O10 . C13 . C83
1 Introduction Gender disparities in outcomes favouring men within developing countries are generally larger than in the developed world (Jayachandran 2015). Similar disparities also often exist in attitudes towards gender equality (see, for instance, Asadullah and Wahhaj 2019; BorrellPorta et al. 2019). Such attitudes, including attitudes supporting domestic violence and child marriage, can have important effects on behaviours, as well as play a prominent role in explaining observed gender disparities in outcomes. For instance, Dhar et al. (2016) find that parents’ discriminatory attitudes reduce daughters’ aspirations to pursue schooling beyond secondary school in India. Maertens (2013) finds that parents’ perceptions of ideal age at marriage have an adverse impact on daughter’s schooling. Despite the important role that attitudes play in explaining behaviours and outcomes, much of the existing empirical literature relies on survey-based direct questions eliciting attitudes that are likely to suffer from measurement error leading to biased estimates. Our study addresses this limitation by making use of list experiments that enable us to elicit attitudes regarding gender roles and behaviours in a better way. One aspect of their lives in which women face a disadvantage is as victims of violence. Women in South Asia face various forms of violence
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