Measuring hope during the COVID-19 outbreak in the Philippines: development and validation of the state locus-of-Hope sc
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Measuring hope during the COVID-19 outbreak in the Philippines: development and validation of the state locus-of-Hope scale short form in Filipino Allan B. I. Bernardo 1
&
Norman B. Mendoza 2
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Various adaptations of the Dispositional Hope Scale have been validated and used for specific research and applied purposes. The Locus-of-Hope Scale was developed as a cultural adaptation that measures internal and external aspects of agency related to goalpursuit that are typical in collectivist cultures. The scale has been used to account for variations in well-being-related factors in collectivist societies but still assumes that hope-related thoughts are dispositional. A State Locus-of-Hope Scale was developed to assess hope-related thinking concerning ongoing events and experience during the COVID-19 outbreak in the Philippines in March 2020. The 16-item scale in Filipino was adapted from a short version of Locus-of-Hope Scale. Using data from 3128 respondents, confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good fit between the four-factor model (compared to one-factor and twofactor models), supporting the scale’s structural validity. There was also good evidence for the subscales’ convergent and discriminant validity. Preliminary evidence for construct criterion validity was demonstrated by examining associations with well-being and anxiety. The results indicate the viability of the State Locus-of-Hope scale for assessing temporal hope-related thoughts that can inform efforts to understand how individuals engage in goal-related processes and maintain well-being in specific personal and social situations. Keywords Hope theory . Locus-of-hope . State hope . COVID-19 . Anxiety . Philippines
Introduction Snyder’s Dispositional Hope Scale (Snyder et al. 1991) is the most extensively used psychological tool to measure hope defined as positive thoughts related to one’s capacity and strategies to attain important goals. This self-report measure has been translated into different languages for use in different cultures (e.g., Gana et al. 2013; Sun et al. 2012). As the scale assumes that hope is a trait-like factor measuring goal-related thoughts, a State Hope Scale (Snyder et al. 1996) was developed to measure ongoing hope or goal-related thoughts of individuals. The Locus-of-Hope Scale (Bernardo 2010) was a recent extension and adaptation of the Dispositional Hope
* Allan B. I. Bernardo [email protected] 1
Psychology Department, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, 1004 Manila, Philippines
2
Department of Curriculum and Instruction, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
Scale that differentiates internal and external locus-of-hope dimensions; these dimensions distinguish between personal (disjoint) agency and shared (conjoint) agency in the goalrelated thoughts (Markus and Kitayama 2003). The internal and external locus-of-hope dimensions are proposed to more completely capture the range of goal-related thoughts
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