The Development and Validation of the State Self-Compassion Scale (Long- and Short Form)
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ORIGINAL PAPER
The Development and Validation of the State Self-Compassion Scale (Long- and Short Form) Kristin D. Neff 1
&
István Tóth-Király 2 & Marissa C. Knox 1 & Ashley Kuchar 1 & Oliver Davidson 1
Accepted: 11 September 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Objectives The purpose of this research was to create two state measures of self-compassion based on the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS): an 18-item State Self-Compassion Scale-Long form (SSCS-L) that could be used to measure the six components of selfcompassion, and a six-item State Self-Compassion Scale-Short form (SSCS-S) that could be used as a measure of global state self-compassion. Methods Study 1 (N = 588) used a community sample to select items for the SSCS-L and SSCS-S. Confirmatory Factor Analyses, Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM), and bifactor modeling were used to analyze the factor structure of the SSCS-L and SSCS-S. Predictive validity was assessed by examining associations with positive and negative affect. Study 2 (N = 411) used a student sample to examine the psychometric properties of the SSCS-L and SSCS-S after a self-compassion mindstate induction (SCMI) to determine if its factor structure would remain unchanged after manipulation. Study 3 (N = 139) examined the psychometric properties of the SSCS-S alone. Results The SSCS-L had good psychometric properties and SSCS-S was also adequate. A bifactor-ESEM representation (with one global factor and six components) was supported for the SSCS-L, and a single factor was supported for the SSCS-S. Both scales were reliable. Psychometric properties were unchanged after the experimental manipulation of self-compassion. A total state self-compassion score and subscale scores were associated with positive and negative affect in the expected directions. Conclusions The SSCS-L and SSCS-S appear to be valid measures of state self-compassion. Keywords Self-compassion . State Self-Compassion Scale . Self-compassion manipulation . Experimental study . Bifactor-ESEM
Research into self-compassion has grown exponentially since the construct was first defined and measured by Neff (2003a, b) over 15 years ago. Self-compassion is a healthy way of relating to oneself in times of suffering, and applies to situations of failure, perceived inadequacy, or general life difficulties. As defined by Neff (2003b), a self-compassionate mindset represents the balance between increased compassionate and Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01505-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Kristin D. Neff [email protected] 1
Educational Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, 1912 Speedway, Suite 504, Austin, TX 78712-1289, USA
2
Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
decreased uncompassionate self-responding to personal struggle. Specifically, it entails six distinct components that are all necessary for self-compassion: increased self-kindness
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