Measuring Muscle Mass and Strength in Obesity: a Review of Various Methods
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REVIEW
Measuring Muscle Mass and Strength in Obesity: a Review of Various Methods Dionne Sizoo 1,2
&
Loek J. M. de Heide 2 & Marloes Emous 2 & Tim van Zutphen 1 & Gerjan Navis 3 & André P. van Beek 2,4
Received: 26 March 2020 / Revised: 14 October 2020 / Accepted: 21 October 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Lower muscle mass in populations with obesity is associated obesity-related diseases like hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Bariatric surgery leads to sustained weight loss. During the weight reduction, loss of muscle should be minimized. Thus reliable quantification of muscle mass is much needed and therefore the also the need for validated methods. Imaging methods, magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography scan, have been the gold standard for many years. However, these methods are costly and have limitations such as the maximum weight. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry is currently the most used alternative. Other, less expensive methods are very limited in their validation in populations with morbid obesity. This narrative review summarizes the current knowledge regarding measuring muscle mass and strength in obesity. Keywords Obesity . Muscle mass . Methods . Body composition
Abbreviations ADP Air displacement plethysmography BIA Bioelectrical impedance analysis BMI Body mass index CT Computed tomography DXA Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry FFM Fat-free mass FM Fat mass L3 Third lumbar MF Multi-frequency MRI Magnetic resonance imaging SFT Skinfold thickness
* Dionne Sizoo [email protected] 1
Department of Health and Food, Campus Fryslân, University of Groningen, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
2
Center Obesity Northern Netherlands (CON), Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
3
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrolog, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
4
Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
TD2 US
Type 2 diabetes mellitus Ultrasonography
Background/Introduction Bariatric surgery is able to achieve sustained significant weight loss providing major health benefits [1, 2]. The focus of bariatric surgery is on reduction of fat mass (FM), as FM is an important determinant of co-morbidity, e.g., type 2 diabetes (TD2) and hypertension [3, 4]. However, muscle mass is equally important. The health risks of low muscle mass have been well documented in populations of older adults [5, 6] but awareness of low muscle mass and its health risks in obesity are lagging behind. In obesity, low muscle mass and function are associated with lower psychological health, quality of life and increased all-cause mortality [7, 8]. Furthermore, TD2 and hypertension are more common with lower muscle mass [9]. Accordingly, preservation of muscle mass during weight loss after bariatric surgery is clinically relevant. A recent study showed that after gastric sleeve surgery patients lost an average 10% lean body mass in the fi
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