Mechanical Energy Dissipation in a Multifunctional Battery System
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Mechanical Energy Dissipation in a Multifunctional Battery System Waterloo Tsutsui1, Trung Nguyen2, Hangjie Liao1, Niranjan Parab1, Jaspreet Kukreja1, Thomas Siegmund2, and Wayne Chen1, 3 1
School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907, U.S.A. 2 School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, U.S.A. 3 School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907, U.S.A. ABSTRACT In this paper, we report on a multifunctional battery assembly, which possesses a balanced combination of energy storage capability and resistance to electrical failure under mechanical impact loading. The Granular Battery Assembly (GBA) presented here exhibits a mechanical response that emerges from features of granular and cellular media. We demonstrate that for the specific GBA embodiment considered in the present study, the electrical reliability following a mechanical loading event is substantively increased compared to that of plain battery cells. The increased reliability is due to the sacrificial material elements interspersed between the battery units, attributing energy absorption and local stress limiting. INTRODUCTION With increasing demand for a diversified energy portfolio, there exists the need to also advance more sustainable transportation solutions, including electric vehicles (EVs). One of the technology needs in EV is that of multifunctional and safe battery solutions. Most of the research on battery safety has focused on individual battery cells [1], [2], [3], [4], rather than in the battery pack level. Xia et al [5] considered damage to a battery pack and its enclosure. Research on multifunctional structural batteries, laid emphasis on the electrodes at the micro level [6], on the component level [7], or on the overall vehicle [8]. This study considered a localized impact rather than an impact onto the whole of the battery pack. This study clearly pointed to the relevance of damage tolerance of battery systems for transportation applications. The present paper demonstrates a battery pack solution, which is tolerant to impact damage and yet efficient in its energy storage [9]. The resulting battery pack is multifunctional and that it embodies both impact damage tolerance and energy storage features. The multifunctional battery pack is investigated for its mechanical response and its electrical reliability under quasistatic and dynamic loading conditions. The battery pack embodiment investigated is a Granular Battery Assembly (GBA). The GBA derives from the considerations that battery cells: (i)
are unit elements, leading to a unitized (granular) material system;
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(ii) (iii)
are more tolerant to failure under compressive loading than under tension, leading to a cohesionless material system, which should primarily be loaded in compression; possess a strain to full electric failure of approximately 25% in diametric compression [1], substantively smaller than in typic
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