Mechanisms of COVID-19-induced heart failure: a short review
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Mechanisms of COVID‑19‑induced heart failure: a short review Ernest A. Adeghate1 · Nabil Eid1 · Jaipaul Singh2 Accepted: 5 October 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has infected more than 42.5 million people globally resulting in the death of over 1.15 million subjects. It has inflicted severe public health and economic hardships across the world. In addition to acute respiratory distress syndrome, respiratory failure, sepsis, and acute kidney injury, COVID-19 also causes heart failure (HF). COVID-19-induced HF is manifested via different mechanisms, including, but not limited to, (1) virus-induced infiltration of inflammatory cells, which could impair the function of the heart; (2) pro-inflammatory cytokines (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interleukin-1β; interleukin-6; tumor necrosis factor-α) that could cause necrosis and death of the myocardium; (3) endothelial injury coupled with microthrombosis which could damage the endocardium; and (4) acute respiratory distress syndrome and respiratory failure that could lead to heart failure due to severe hypoxia. It is concluded that the etiology of COVID-19-induced HF is multifactorial and mitigation of the development of HF in patients with COVID-19 will require different approaches such as social distancing, drug therapy, and the urgent development of a vaccine to eradicate the disease. Keywords COVID-19 · SARS-CoV-2 · Heart failure · Cardiogenic shock · Biomarkers · Cytokines · Endothelial dysfunction
Introduction Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 [1]. Since then COVID-19 has spread across the globe and has caused a serious pandemic that has adversely affected the livelihood of millions of people and the economy of many nations. As of October 24, 2020, SARS-CoV-2 has infected 42,584,296 million people with 1,150,769 deaths worldwide [2]. According to the US Center for Disease Control, more than 8,387,047 million American residents carry the disease,
* Ernest A. Adeghate [email protected] Jaipaul Singh [email protected] 1
Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, PR1 2HE Preston, England, UK
2
which has resulted in 222,447 deaths at the time of revising this review (October 24, 2020) [3]. The virus that causes COVID-19 is transmitted through respiratory aerosols or physical contact with contaminated droplets [4]. SARS-CoV-2 virus then finds its way into the respiratory system, where they induce a cascade of inflammatory reactions [4]. SARS-CoV-2-induced COVID-19 has caused a large variety of complications resulting in high morbidity and mortality. COVID-19-induced pathologies are not limited to the re
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