Mediators of invasions in the sea: life history strategies and dispersal vectors facilitating global sea anemone introdu
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REVIEW
Mediators of invasions in the sea: life history strategies and dispersal vectors facilitating global sea anemone introductions Heather Glon . Marymegan Daly Zara Currimjee
. James T. Carlton
. Megan M. Flenniken .
Received: 21 December 2019 / Accepted: 20 July 2020 Ó Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Widespread non-native species tend to demonstrate an apparent lack of selectivity in habitat requirements, feeding regimes, and reproductive needs, while displaying a tendency to thrive in human-modified habitats. The high phenotypic plasticity typical of sessile, substrate-attached marine species may enhance their chances of survival and spread in a new region. Anthropogenic activities have changed marine habitats over a wide range of phenomena, including water temperature, community species composition, and the types of available substrates, creating new physical and biotic regimes that may contribute to the potential for successful species introduction. Here we examine ten species of sea anemones that have been introduced outside of their native range, and elucidate specific characteristics that are common among globally introduced sea anemones. Various life history strategies enable these H. Glon (&) M. Daly Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43212, USA e-mail: [email protected] J. T. Carlton Z. Currimjee Williams College – Mystic Seaport Maritime Studies Program, 75 Greenmanville Ave, Mystic, CT 06355, USA M. M. Flenniken Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
species to survive and flourish through transport, introduction, establishment and spread, leading to the successful colonization of a new geographic area. Considering life history strategies and weighing of vector potential, we suggest conditions that facilitate introduction of these species, and identify species of sea anemones that may be introduced in the future in the face of changing climate and increased anthropogenic activities. Keywords Sea anemone Cnidaria Actiniaria Introduced species Vector
Introduction Marine biological invasions are being amplified by increasing anthropogenic dispersal and environmental alterations, including stressed habitats and climate change. Anthropogenic activities have enabled linkages of donor regions with new recipient regions that may not otherwise be connected, overcoming natural barriers which may have long kept many regions isolated (Carlton 1996; Ruiz et al. 1997). High-latitude regions are experiencing the poleward expansion of many species in the face of warming ocean temperatures (Jurgens 2018). Biological invasions may proceed through four basic stages (Blackburn et al. 2011): Transport, Introduction, Establishment, and Spread (Fig. 1). At
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Anthropogenic Contribution
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