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Medical Biomethods Handbook

Edited by

John M. Walker and

Ralph Rapley University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK

© 2005 Humana Press Inc. 999 Riverview Drive, Suite 208 Totowa, New Jersey 07512 www.humanapress.com All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise without written permission from the Publisher. The content and opinions expressed in this book are the sole work of the authors and editors, who have warranted due diligence in the creation and issuance of their work. The publisher, editors, and authors are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences arising from the information or opinions presented in this book and make no warranty, express or implied, with respect to its contents. This publication is printed on acid-free paper. ∞ ANSI Z39.48-1984 (American Standards Institute) Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. Cover illustration: Figures 2A–D, Chapter 29, “In Situ Hybridization,” by A. D. Watters. Cover design by Patricia F. Cleary. For additional copies, pricing for bulk purchases, and/or information about other Humana titles, contact Humana at the above address or at any of the following numbers: Tel.: 973-256-1699; Fax: 973-256-8341; E-mail: [email protected]; or visit our Website: www.humanapress.com Photocopy Authorization Policy: Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by Humana Press Inc., provided that the base fee of US $30.00 per copy is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center at 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license from the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged and is acceptable to Humana Press Inc. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is: [1-58829-288-6/05 $30.00]. Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 E-ISBN 1-59259-870-6 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Medical biomethods handbook / edited by John M. Walker and Ralph Rapley. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-58829-288-6 (hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 1-58829-334-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Molecular biology—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Molecular diagnosis—Handbooks, manuals, etc. [DNLM: 1. Genetic Techniques. 2. Chemistry, Analytical—methods. 3. Clinical Laboratory Techniques. 4. Immunologic Techniques. QZ 52 M489 2005] I. Walker, John M., 1948- II. Rapley, Ralph. III. Molecular biomethods handbook. QH506.M425 2005 616'.0028—dc22 2004010386

Preface There have been numerous advances made in many fields throughout the biosciences in recent years, with perhaps the most dramatic being those in our ability to investigate and define cellular processes at the molecular level. These insights have been largely the result of the development and application of powerful new techniqu