Melatonin promotes adventitious root formation in apple by promoting the function of MdWOX11
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Melatonin promotes adventitious root formation in apple by promoting the function of MdWOX11 Jiangping Mao1,2, Chundong Niu1, Ke Li1, Shiyue Chen1, Muhammad Mobeen Tahir1, Mingyu Han1ˆ and Dong Zhang1,2*
Abstract Background: Melatonin (MT) is important for plant growth and development; however, it is not known whether MT is involved in apple adventitious root (AR) development. In this study, we treated Malus prunifolia (MP) at four different stages of AR development, and analyzed the level of the endogenous hormones MT, auxin (IAA), zeatin-riboside (ZR), abscisic acid (ABA), and gibberellins (GA1 + 3) in all four treatment groups and the untreated control group. The expression of MT, IAA biosynthesis, transport and signal transduction, the cell cycle, and root development related genes were quantified by RT-qPCR. The function of MdWOX11 was analyzed in transgenic apple plants. Results: The promotion of AR development by MT was dependent on the stage of AR induction between 0 and 2 d in apple rootstocks. MT-treatment increased the level of IAA and crosstalk existed between MT and IAA during AR formation. The expression of MdWOX11 was induced by MT treatment and positively regulated AR formation in apple. Furthermore, transgenic lines that overexpressed MdWOX11 lines produced more ARs than ‘GL3’. Phenotypic analysis indicated that MdWOX11 overexpression lines were more sensitive to exogenous MT treatment than ‘GL3’, suggesting that MdWOX11 regulates AR formation in response to MT in apple rootstock. Conclusions: MT promotes AR formation mainly during the AR induction stage by inducing IAA levels and upregulating MdWOX11. Keywords: Activation of adventitious roots, Adventitious roots, Apple rootstocks, MdWOX11, Melatonin, Transgenic plantlets
Background Apple (Malus domestica) is a major commercial fruit tree that is cultivated globally and apple fruits have a high nutritional and economic value. Malus prunifolia (MP) is widely known as the easiest-rooting apple rootstock. It offers advantages such as good graft compatibility, cold resistance, salt and alkali tolerance, and disease and insect resistance. * Correspondence: [email protected] ˆMingyu Han is deceased. 1 College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China 2 College of Life Science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
Adventitious roots (ARs) induction from stem basal tissues is a major step in the vegetative propagation of apple rootstocks. ARs are post-embryonic roots that emerge from non-root organs, and AR primordia arise from interfascicular cambium cells adjoining phloem cells [1, 2]. The processes required for AR formation have been studied in different plants, including rice [3], Arabidopsis [4, 5], and poplar [6]; however, methods for improving AR formation in apple have not been studied. Melatonin (MT; N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a well-known hormone in animal and was initially discovered in plants by two groups of workers in 1995 [7,
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