Melting SNOW-V: improved lightweight architectures
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Melting SNOW-V: improved lightweight architectures Andrea Caforio1
· Fatih Balli1 · Subhadeep Banik1
Received: 7 July 2020 / Accepted: 17 November 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract SNOW-V is a stream cipher proposed by Ekdahl et al. at IACR ToSC 2019(3) with an objective to be deployed as the encryption primitive in 5G systems. The stream cipher offers 256-bit security and is ready for deployment in the post-quantum era, in which as a rule of thumb (due to Grover’s algorithm), quantum security will vary as the square root of the classical security parameters. The authors further report good software performance figures in systems supporting the AES-NI instruction set. However, they only provide a theoretical analysis of the cipher’s hardware efficiency. In this paper, we aim to fill this gap. We look at the three most important metrics of hardware efficiency: area, speed and power/energy, and propose circuits that optimize each of these metrics and validate our results using three different standard cell libraries. The smallest SNOW-V circuit we propose occupies only around 4776 gate equivalents of silicon area. Furthermore, we also report implementations which consume as little as 12.7 pJ per 128 bits of keystream and operate at a throughput rate of more than 1 Tbps. Keywords SNOW-V · Stream cipher · 5G · Hardware · Implementation
1 Introduction Digital cellular communication networks have come a long way since the inception of mobile telephony. The first iteration dates back to the late seventies, commonly termed 1G. Ever since, the advances in communication technology have produced fresh alterations every decade. Text messaging and encryption was introduced in the second generation, while the third generation unlocked the gates of cyberspace on mobile devices. 4G, for the first time, lifted the down-link throughput rate above 1 gigabit per second and has since become the most prevalent network across the globe. Finally, the fifth generation further obliterates this speed bound as it aims at throughput rates of 20 gigabits per second and beyond. SNOW-V is a stream cipher proposed by Ekdahl et al. [7] with an objective to be deployed as the encryption primitive in 5G systems. It is closely based on the stream cipher SNOW
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Andrea Caforio [email protected] Fatih Balli [email protected] Subhadeep Banik [email protected]
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LASEC, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
3G [8] that was designed as the encryption function used in 3G systems. The stream cipher has 256-bit security and can be efficiently implemented on architectures supporting the AES-NI instruction set. However, there does not exist any independent analysis of the efficiency of the stream cipher on hardware ASIC except theoretical estimates of hardware efficiency by the designers. In this paper, we look at the three most important metrics of hardware efficiency: area, speed and power/energy. We propose circuits that optimize each of these metrics and validate our results using three different
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