Membrane and Desalination Technologies
In this essential new volume, Volume 13: Membrane and Desalination Technologies, a panel of expert researchers provide a wealth of information on membrane and desalination technologies. An advanced chemical and environmental engineering textbook as well a
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For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7645
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VOLUME 13 HANDBOOK
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ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Membrane and Desalination Technologies Edited by Lawrence K. Wang, PhD, PE, DEE Zorex Corporation, Newtonville, NY, USA Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Lenox, MA, USA Krofta Engineering Corporation, Lenox, MA, USA
Jiaping Paul Chen, PhD Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore
Yung-Tse Hung, PhD, PE, DEE Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
Nazih K. Shammas, PhD Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Lenox, MA, USA Krofta Engineering Corporation, Lenox, MA, USA
Editors Dr. Lawrence K. Wang Zorex Corporation, Newtonville, NY, USA Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Lenox, MA, USA Krofta Engineering Corporation, Lenox, MA, USA [email protected] Dr. Jiaping Paul Chen Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore [email protected] Dr. Yung-Tse Hung Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA [email protected] Dr. Nazih K. Shammas Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Lenox, MA, USA Krofta Engineering Corporation, Lenox, MA, USA [email protected]
ISBN: 978-1-58829-940-6 e-ISBN: 978-1-59745-278-6 DOI 10.1007/978-1-59745-278-6 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London # Springer Science þ Business Media, LLC 2011 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Humana Press, c/o Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Humana Press is part of Springer Science þ Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface The past 35 years have seen the emergence of a growing desire worldwide that positive actions be taken to restore and protect the environment from the degrading effects of all forms of pollution – air, water, soil, thermal, radioactive, and noise. Since pollution is a direct or indirect consequence of waste, the seemingly idealistic demand for “zero discharge” can be construed as an unrealistic demand for zero waste. However, as long as waste continues to exist, we can only attempt to abate the subsequent pollution by converting it to a less noxious form. Three major questions usually arise when a particular type of pollution has been identified: (1) How serious is the pollution? (2) Is the tec
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