Metabolic and Inorganic Elemental Profiling Analysis of Tortoise Shell for the Identification of Tortoise Strain
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Metabolic and Inorganic Elemental Profiling Analysis of Tortoise Shell for the Identification of Tortoise Strain Zhicheng Liu 1 & Junjie Zhang 2 & Xiaoping Zhang 1 & Chuanpu Shen 1 & Lei Yin 3 & Yuejian Zhu 3 & Ning Li 1 & Feihu Chen 1 Received: 19 May 2020 / Accepted: 30 October 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Tortoise shell is not only an armor, but also an important structure for storing nutrients for tortoise. The shell from one tortoise strain, Chinemys reevesii (CR), has long been used as a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Nowadays, massive CR shells are also processed into healthy food in Asian countries. Despite large-scale culture of CR in nowadays, there still exist massive counterfeit CR shells derived from other strains of tortoises in the market of TCM. However, it is usually difficult to identify the strain of shell only with the naked eyes, which leads to uncertainties for the healthcare efficacy. In this context, the present study aims to analyze both metabolites and inorganic elements contained in the shell from CR and two other common tortoise strains in the market, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). We report that comprehensive metabolic and elemental differences have been revealed in the shell of three analyzed tortoise strains. Higher levels of various amino acids, fatty acids, and salutary trace elements and lower levels of lead and arsenic were found in CR shell, in comparison to the other two strains. These metabolic and elemental hallmarks found in CR shell are in accordance with its predominant healthcare effect described in TCM. A combination between leucine and lead was determined to be a potential marker to predict the strain of CR. The top discriminant metabolites and elements, as well as the combinational marker identifying the strain of CR in the training set, were further validated for their predictability by external test samples. Our study demonstrates that analyses of metabolites and inorganic elements contained in tortoise shell are useful to identify the strain of the tortoise. Keywords Tortoise shell . Traditional Chinese medicine . Metabolomics . Inorganic elements . GC-MS . ICP-MS
Introduction Tortoise is a family of one of the oldest species which still lives in the world (Gaffney et al. 1987). They are important Zhicheng Liu and Junjie Zhang contributed equally to this work. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-02001908-y. * Ning Li [email protected] * Feihu Chen [email protected] 1
Anhui Provincial laboratory of inflammatory and immunity disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China
2
Scientific Instrument Center, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
3
Jiren PharmGroup, Bozhou 236800, China
subjects that have been widely studied in the researches of ecology
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