Metabolic Factors Determining the Susceptibility to Weight Gain: Current Evidence
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METABOLISM (M DALAMAGA, SECTION EDITOR)
Metabolic Factors Determining the Susceptibility to Weight Gain: Current Evidence Tim Hollstein 1 & Paolo Piaggi 1,2
# This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2020
Abstract Purpose of Review There is substantial inter-individual variability in body weight change, which is not fully accounted by differences in daily energy intake and physical activity levels. The metabolic responses to short-term perturbations in energy intake can explain part of this variability by quantifying the degree of metabolic “thriftiness” that confers more susceptibility to weight gain and more resistance to weight loss. It is unclear which metabolic factors and pathways determine this human “thrifty” phenotype. This review will investigate and summarize emerging research in the field of energy metabolism and highlight important metabolic mechanisms implicated in body weight regulation in humans. Recent Findings Dysfunctional adipose tissue lipolysis, reduced brown adipose tissue activity, blunted fibroblast growth factor 21 secretion in response to low-protein hypercaloric diets, and impaired sympathetic nervous system activity might constitute important metabolic factors characterizing “thriftiness” and favoring weight gain in humans. Summary The individual propensity to weight gain in the current obesogenic environment could be ascertained by measuring specific metabolic factors which might open up new pathways to prevent and treat human obesity. Keywords Thrifty phenotype . Lipolysis . FGF21 . Sympathetic nervous system . White adipose tissue . Brown adipose tissue
Abbreviations 24hEE 24-h energy expenditure BAT Brown adipose tissue BMI Body mass index FGF21 Fibroblast growth factor 21 RQ Respiratory quotient SNS Sympathetic nervous system UCP1 Uncoupling protein 1 WAT White adipose tissue
This article is part of the Topical Collection on Metabolism * Paolo Piaggi [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ, USA
2
Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Introduction The widespread obesity epidemic is growing constantly: among US adults aged 20 years and older, the prevalence of obesity (body mass index [BMI] > 30 kg/m2) increased from 33.7% in 2008 to 39.6% in 2016, while the prevalence of severe or morbid obesity (BMI > 40 kg/m2) increased from 5.7 to 7.7% at the same time [1]. In the USA, obesity is associated with nearly one out of five deaths [2]; therefore, it is important to identify individuals at greater risk for excess weight gain, so interventions can start before the onset of obesity. Carefully conducted overfeeding studies controlling for energy intake and physical activity levels demonstrated that there are considerable differences in weight gain among individuals—with some gaining up to 2× more wei
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