Metabolomics profiling in hypertension and blood pressure regulation: a review
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REVIEW
Open Access
Metabolomics profiling in hypertension and blood pressure regulation: a review John O. Onuh1 and Michel Aliani2,3*
Abstract Hypertension is a chronic health condition in which blood pressure is usually elevated beyond normal levels. It can progress with serious complications if left undetected and untreated. Incidence of hypertension is on the increase worldwide with debilitating consequences on the health systems of many countries. It is a multifactorial disorder that requires a multi-pronged approach to address it. One such approach is the use of metabolomics or metabolite profiling to understand its underlying cause and possibly control it. Changes in metabolites profiles have been used to accurately predict so many disease conditions in addition to identifying possible biomarkers and pathways associated in their pathogenicity. This will enable their early detection, diagnosis and treatment as well as likely complications that may arise and also assist in development of biomarkers for clinical uses. The objective of this review therefore is to present some of the current knowledge on the application of metabolomics profiling in hypertension and blood pressure control. Keywords: Hypertension, Metabolomics, Biomarkers, Pathways, Metabolites
Background Hypertension is defined as a “condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is elevated, usually is persistently at or above 140 mmHg of the systolic blood pressure (SBP) or 90 mmHg diastolic blood pressure (DBP) or both” [1, 2]. It has been reported to be a chronic pathological condition that if left unchecked and untreated is a leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other associated conditions such as stroke, end stage of renal disease and death [3–7]. Approximately 40% of deaths associated with CVD has been reported to be due to hypertensions and the incidence of hypertension is continually growing especially among the low-income population and in developing countries [4, 8, 9]. The incidence of hypertension among adults in developed countries is approximately 24% and * Correspondence: [email protected] 2 Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada 3 St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Tache Ave, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
it is also assuming an alarming proportion in third world countries [5, 10–12]. Globally, hypertension affects about 1 billion people, with recorded deaths of 9 million annually with China alone accounting for 2.33 million deaths [13, 14]. Hypertension is considered to be a metabolic disorder with the actual causes still unclear though the risk appears to increase with age, usually influenced by unhealthy lifestyles, obesity and physical inactivity [3, 6, 14]. In a majority of cases, it is often associated with dyslipidemia, inflammation and oxidative stress [3]. It is usually regarded as a “silent killer” with no known or visible manifestations of t
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