Metagenomic Studies in Inflammatory Skin Diseases
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Metagenomic Studies in Inflammatory Skin Diseases Urszula Godlewska1 · Piotr Brzoza1 · Kamila Kwiecień1 · Mateusz Kwitniewski1 · Joanna Cichy1 Received: 19 May 2020 / Accepted: 10 August 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies together with an improved access to compute performance led to a costeffective genome sequencing over the past several years. This allowed researchers to fully unleash the potential of genomic and metagenomic analyses to better elucidate two-way interactions between host cells and microbiome, both in steady-state and in pathological conditions. Experimental research involving metagenomics shows that skin resident microbes can influence the cutaneous pathophysiology. Here, we review metagenome approaches to study microbiota at this barrier site. We also describe the consequences of changes in the skin microbiota burden and composition, mostly revealed by these technologies, in the development of common inflammatory skin diseases.
Introduction Skin is the largest human organ with a primary role in isolating body from the external environment (Fig. 1). The cutaneous barrier is a physical obstacle made up of dead, superficial keratinocytes (called corneocytes), and tight junctions that confer protection against environmental factors. Barrier integrity is also supported by immune cells, a plethora of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), various soluble mediators, or low pH. In response to microbial stimuli, almost each cell type in the skin can participate in immune defense. Keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and sebocytes can secrete inflammatory mediators that support activation and migration of immune cells. That includes cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, proteases, and other agents modulating both innate and adaptive immune responses [1]. Acidic environment is necessary for the maintenance of antimicrobial protection of stratum corneum, the most superficial layer of the epidermis. Acidic pH creates suitable conditions for limiting growth of certain microorganisms, as well as provides appropriate environment to the synthesis and processing of epidermal lipids catalyzed by pH-dependent enzymes [2]. Lipids synthesized Urszula Godlewska and Piotr Brzoza have equally contributed to the work. * Urszula Godlewska [email protected] 1
Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
in epidermis and sebaceous glands, together with various skin-derived AMPs, protect skin from a broad range of microorganisms. These elements constitute a highly effective line of defense against pathogens [1] (Fig. 1). The cutaneous microbiome forms one of the largest microbial ecosystems in the human body and is recognized as an essential contributor to the skin barrier function by regulation of microbial composition of the skin and function of immune system [1]. Skin residents shape microbial communities through various strategies. These consist of competition for nutrients
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