Metal-Intermetallic Laminate Ti-Al 3 Ti Composites Produced by Spark Plasma Sintering of Titanium and Aluminum Foils Enc
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INTRODUCTION
RECENTLY, considerable attention has been focused on metal-intermetallic laminate (MIL) composites. Ti-Al-based MIL composites are the most extensively studied among all MIL materials.[1–20] Such materials have advantages in comparison with metallic materials as well as with intermetallics. Titanium, having a high strength in combination with high plasticity and low density is one of the most widely used materials in such industries as aircraft, rocketry, and shipbuilding. However, the elastic characteristics of titanium are relatively low. When interacting with aluminum, titanium forms a number of chemical compounds[21] that have high strength, high hardness, and high stiffness. The Al3Ti phase is one of the most favorable intermetallic compound due to its low density (3.3 g/cm3), high Young’s modulus (216 GPa), high resistance to aggressive environment, and oxidation at elevated temperatures.[1,22,23] However, the common disadvantage of Al3Ti, which is typical for all Ti-Al intermetallics, is low ductility explained by their crystal structures. The majority of the DARIA V. LAZURENKO, IVAN A. BATAEV, ALBERT I. POPELUKH, and NATALIA S. BELOUSOVA, Assistant Professors, and ANATOLY A. BATAEV, D. Sc., Rector, are with Novosibirsk State Technical University, K. Marks 20, 630073 Novosibirsk, Russia. Contact e-mail: [email protected] VYACHESLAV I. MALI, Leading Researcher, and ALEXANDER G. ANISIMOV, Senior Researcher, are with the Lavrentyev Institute of Hydrodynamics SB RAS, Lavrentyev pr., 15, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia. ALEXANDER THOEMMES, Student, formerly with Hochschule RheinMain, Am Brnckweg 26, 65428 Rnsselsheim, Germany, is now with Novosibirsk State Technical University. Manuscript submitted January 7, 2015. METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
intermetallic crystals possess low symmetry and atomic ordering. This, in turn, leads to a limited number of slip systems in intermetallics and low mobility of dislocations at low temperatures.[1,23] The increased brittleness of intermetallics significantly narrows their potential applications. Thus, titanium trialuminide is not recommended to be used for load bearing details, but it can be used as a coating resistant to oxidation and abrasive wear.[23] In the last few decades due to development of MIL composites, the application of intermetallic-based materials for load bearing elements become possible. Such composites possess enhanced specific characteristics, including specific strength and stiffness that make them promising for use in the aircraft and space engineering industries.[1,2] Moreover, it is noticeable that the mechanisms of deformation and fracture of multi-layered composites can differ significantly from those mechanisms of uniform materials. The presence of interfaces leads to deviation and deceleration of propagating cracks, which consequently increase the reliability of the material.[3,4,6] The ballistic properties of titanium-titanium aluminide MIL composites should be particularly emphasized. In this case, intermetallic layers a
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