Metal Nanoparticles: a Promising Treatment for Viral and Arboviral Infections
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Metal Nanoparticles: a Promising Treatment for Viral and Arboviral Infections Kaminee Maduray 1
&
Raveen Parboosing 1
Received: 20 July 2020 / Accepted: 28 September 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Globally, viral diseases continue to pose a significant threat to public health. Recent outbreaks, such as influenza, coronavirus, Ebola, and dengue, have emphasized the urgent need for new antiviral therapeutics. Considerable efforts have focused on developing metal nanoparticles for the treatment of several pathogenic viruses. As a result of these efforts, metal nanoparticles are demonstrating promising antiviral activity against pathogenic surrogates and clinical isolates. This review summarizes the application of metal nanoparticles for the treatment of viral infections. It provides information on synthesis methods, size-related properties, nano-bio-interaction, and immunological effects of metal nanoparticles. This article also addresses critical criteria and considerations for developing clinically translatable nanosized metal particles to treat viral diseases. Keywords Metal nanoparticle . Nanotherapeutics . Virus . Arbovirus . Treatment . Nanotechnology
Introduction
Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles
Nanotherapeutics has the potential to change the landscape of antiviral drug discovery and address issues related to resistance, emerging viruses, strain-specific targeting, and untreatable viral infections [1]. It uses nanoparticles (NPs) within the size range of 1–100 nm as a tool for drug delivery, diagnosis, and treatment of many infectious diseases [1–3]. Therapeutic NPs may be either inorganic (e.g., metal NPs) or organic (e.g., polymeric, liposomes, micelles, ferritin). Both types of NPs have been successful in pre-clinical studies and clinical settings for various medical conditions [4, 5]. Recently, progress in utilizing metal NPs as antiviral agents has advanced rapidly owing to the ability of metals having a multi-target “attack” on viruses, with minimal impact on the subsequent development of resistance [1, 6]. According to existing research, metal NPs have already proven to be active antiviral agents against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza virus, hepatitis virus, etc. [1, 6]. This review aims to discuss and highlight the synthesis, properties, reported antiviral activities, and immunological impact of metal NPs.
There are wide arrays of physical, chemical, and biological methods to synthesize NPs [7]. In these methods, a threecomponent reaction of precursors, reducing agents, capping, or stabilizing agents is required [8]. Below is an overview of these methods.
* Kaminee Maduray [email protected]; [email protected]
Chemical Method
1
Department of Virology, University of KwaZulu-Natal/National Health Laboratory Service, Durban, South Africa
Physical Method The physical method for the synthesis of NPs include techniques such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation, microwave irradiation, sonochemical, thermal decomposition (thermolytic),
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