Metal Tolerance Strategy in Plants
The influence of heavy metals on metabolism can be best deciphered through in-depth study of mineral nutrients and heavy metal interaction. Regulatory mechanism pertaining to heavy metal nutrition in plants is dynamic but very scarce literature available.
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Metal Tolerance Strategy in Plants
Contents 2.1 2.2 2.3
Heavy Metal Interaction with Other Nutrients
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Inversion of Metal Toxicity with Nutrient Element Interactions
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Role of Phytochelatins in Metal Tolerance
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2.4 Metal Complex Formation by PCs 2.4.1 Metal Chelation with Reference to Cadmium by Phytochelatins (PCs) 2.5 2.6
Abstract
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Chelation of Heavy Metals by Metallothioneins (MTs)
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Metal Detoxification by Organic Acids, Amino Acids, and Other Phosphate Derivatives
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References
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The influence of heavy metals on metabolism can be best deciphered through in-depth study of mineral nutrients and heavy metal interaction. Regulatory mechanism pertaining to heavy metal nutrition in plants is dynamic but very scarce literature available. Plants have developed several detoxification mechanisms in order to minimize the detrimental effects of heavy or toxic metal exposure and their accumulation. All these mechanisms are mostly based on chelation and subcellular compartmentalization, and the former is considered as the most common detoxification strategy in different plant species. The main class of metal chelator known in plants is phytochelatins (PCs) and metallothioneins (MTs) which are generally cysteine-rich peptides, besides, normal expression of GSH/PCs during metal exposure, certain genetic manipulations of these substances help plants to improve toxicity of heavy metals. The cytosol is considered as an important metal detoxification mechanism under stress conditions. The metal chelation by PCs in the cytosol of plants is known to be the best heavy metal detoxification mechanism and tolerance. Keywords
Chelation • Cytosol • Metallothioneins • Phytochelatins • Toxic metal
© Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016 S. Jan, J.A. Parray, Approaches to Heavy Metal Tolerance in Plants, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-1693-6_2
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2.1
Heavy Metal Interaction with Other Nutrients
The influence of heavy metals on metabolism can be best deciphered through in-depth study of mineral nutrients and heavy metal interaction. Regulatory mechanism pertaining to heavy metal nutrition in plants is dynamic but very scarce literature available. Plant response to a combination of metals in the growth media has been varied; it had been classified to following three basic groups according to Nagajyoti et al. (2010). Plant exhibits preservative response in terms of plant growth assessment under cumulative metal stress, and these responses were similar in which investigated metals were supplied discretely. Some other plants demonstrate antagonistic responses in which plant growth parameters under cumulative metal stress were relatively immense than in plants in which heavy metals were added independently. Iron and zinc are antigonistic which explains depression in growth of corn plants supplied with low and high iron levels (Masarovicova et al. 2011). Zn accumulation affects iron translocation more than its absorption resulting in iron deficiency due to Fe–Zn competition (Masarovicova et al. 2010). Oth
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