Ascorbate-Glutathione Pathway and Stress Tolerance in Plants
Plants are sessile organisms that live under a constant barrage of biotic and abiotic insults. Both biotic and abiotic stress factors have been shown to affect various aspects of plant system including the acceleration in the formation of reactive oxygen
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Naser A. Anjum Shahid Umar Ming-Tsair Chan ●
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Editors
Ascorbate-Glutathione Pathway and Stress Tolerance in Plants
Editors Naser A. Anjum Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) and Department of Chemistry University of Aveiro 3810–193 Aveiro Portugal [email protected]; [email protected]
Shahid Umar Department of Botany Faculty of Science Hamdard University New Delhi India [email protected]
Ming-Tsair Chan Academia Sinica Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan Sinshih Township Tainan County 74146 Taiwan [email protected]
ISBN 978-90-481-9403-2 e-ISBN 978-90-481-9404-9 DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-9404-9 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2010934293 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
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A Great Philanthropist, Thinker, Visionary & The Founder of Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, INDIA
Janab Hakeem Abdul Hameed (1908–1999)
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Foreword
Anti-scorbutic factor (Vitamin C), ascorbic acid, was isolated from paprika by A. Szent-Gyorgyi, and its anti-scorbutic effect was confirmed in guinea-pigs (Biochem. J. 27: 278-285 (1933). Occurrence of anti-scorbutic factor in fruits, vegetables and adrenal glands of vertebrates had been deduced from their protective effects against scurvy. However, its isolation from either lemon or adrenal glands was a very heavy work in 1920-30, which required several tons (!) of the materials and several years, because of its low contents and disturbing components. In 1933, Szent-Gyorgyi in Szeged, Hungary, established a simple way for preparation of 450 g crystalline ascorbic acid within a month from local paprika (Hungarian red pepper, Capscicum annuum). This isolation was initiated by his finding of high reducing potentials in paprika juice, as deduced by disappearance of blue dibromophenolindophenol. Even in the current data book on food nutrients, the content of vitamin C in paprika is one of the highest ones among vegetables and fruits, indicating a sharp sense of Szent-Gyorgyi focusing to paprika as the starting material for the isolation of anti-scorbutic factor. In those days, a large amount of ascorbate was required for the determination of its structure, which was accomplished by W. Haworth in England. The revealed structure opened a gate to synthesize ascorbate, which was soon done by W. Haworth and T. Reichstein, independently. Thus, ascorbate is the first vitamin which is chemically synthesized. Based on these works and the following many works and surveys on the a
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