Metalloporphyrin supported on hyper cross-linked polymer: green protocol for reduction of nitroarenes
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Metalloporphyrin supported on hyper cross‑linked polymer: green protocol for reduction of nitroarenes Sheida Hamid1 · Arash Mouradzadegun1 Received: 27 May 2020 / Accepted: 12 August 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract In the current study, a Pd–porphyrin catalyst was anchored covalently onto functionalized polymeric spine based on a calix[4] resorcinarene. The achieved catalytic system was characterized, and its catalytic activity was investigated in the reduction of nitroarenes. The main advantages of the present work are: using water as green solvent, catalyst reusability, easy refinement of the products, excellent yields, and relatively short reaction times. Keywords Metalloporphyrin · Calix[4]resorcinarene · Functionalized polymeric · Reduction of nitroarenes
Introduction The reduction of nitroarene is a common and simple way to produce amino-aromatics (AAs), which are versatile intermediates and precursors in the preparation of pharmaceuticals, pigments, dyes, agrochemicals, and polymers [1, 2]. The most typical way to generate aromatic amines is reduction of corresponding nitroarenes. One of the customary and interesting methods to reduce of the nitro group is catalytic transfer hydrogenation. Recently, noble metal nanoparticles are known for their modern applications in the field of catalysis, biotechnology, bio-engineering, and environmental remediation [3, 4]. Hence, the synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles and also their applications, particularly in catalysis, are of major interest for further studies, among which, palladium is the most effective catalyst in the surface hydrogenation reaction due to the simple availability of valence electrons. Therefore, many research groups have focused their interest on the expansion of efficient and active catalytic system. Porphyrins and metalloporphyrins are found widely in nature. They play important roles in the Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10847-020-01021-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Arash Mouradzadegun [email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
basic mechanisms of vital organisms [5–8]. These systems have been extensively studied due to the catalytic application of organic synthesis, electrical light applications, and therapeutic properties. Although, they are known as homogeneous catalysts and their role can be highlighted by selectivity [9–11], their industrial applications have been limited due to the difficulty in the separation of catalysts from products. To take the advantages of both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, immobilizing porphyrin onto high surface solids would be a powerful approach. A large number of materials were selected to be the supports of metal species in hydrogenation reactions, such as silica, zeolite, carbonaceous materials, metal oxides, and etc. Unlike the above compound, polymers are applicable and attra
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