Methane Gas Hydrate
Climate change, environmental impact and declining natural resources are driving scientific research and novel technical solutions. Green Energy and Technology serves as a publishing platform for scientific and technological approaches to "green" - i.e.,
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Ayhan Demirbas
Methane Gas Hydrate
123
Ayhan Demirbas, Professor of Energy Technology Sila Science and Energy Trabzon Turkey
ISSN 1865-3529 e-ISSN 1865-3537 ISBN 978-1-84882-871-1 e-ISBN 978-1-84882-872-8 DOI 10.1007/978-1-84882-872-8 Springer London Dordrecht Heidelberg New York British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Control Number: 2010920573 © Springer-Verlag London Limited 2010 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. Cover design: WMXDesign, Heidelberg, Germany Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
Currently, natural gas is the fastest-growing primary energy source in the world. Natural gas is widely available and it is the cleanest-burning petroleum-based fuel. Natural gas can be produced from natural gas hydrates, or methane hydrates. The presence of gas hydrates in oceanic sediments was first postulated on the basis of seismic observations. Gas hydrates represent one of the world’s largest untapped reservoirs of energy and, according to some estimates, have the potential to meet global energy needs for the next 1,000 years. They are also of considerable interest because of their potential role in global climate change. From an energy resource point of view, the enormous amounts of gas hydrates under the ocean and beneath Arctic permafrost represent an estimated more than 50% of all carbonaceous fuel reserves on Earth. The significance of methane hydrates lies mainly in the tremendous potential of this resource. Even a small percentage of the estimated global resource, if exploited, could meet the world’s energy demands for centuries. The industrial and social changes in which mankind was engaged during the twentieth century resulted in a rapidly increasing demand for hydrocarbon-based fuels. This increasing demand has been met by increasing the speed of exploration and exploitation of the vast resources of conventional oil and gas. These resources, however, are neither renewable nor inexhaustible, and we s
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