Methanolic extract of Ephedra ciliata promotes wound healing and arrests inflammatory cascade in vivo through downregula
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Inflammopharmacology
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Methanolic extract of Ephedra ciliata promotes wound healing and arrests inflammatory cascade in vivo through downregulation of TNF‑α Hafiza Sidra Yaseen1 · Muhammad Asif1,2 · Malik Saadullah1 · Mahrukh1 · Sajid Asghar1 · Muhammad Usman Shams3 · Rizwan Rashid Bazmi1 · Mohammad Saleem4 · Hafiz Muhammad Yousaf1 · Maria Yaseen5 Received: 3 February 2020 / Accepted: 16 April 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Chronic wounds may lead to the development of various pathological conditions such as diabetic foot ulcers and pressure sores. The current study evaluated wound healing and anti-inflammatory potentials of methanolic extract of Ephedra ciliata using series of in vivo models. Methanolic extract of Ephedra ciliata was prepared by maceration (Ec.Me). Qualitative and quantitative (HPLC) phytochemical and metal analyses were conducted to explore the chemical and metal profiles of Ec.Me. Safety profile (behavioural) and, antimicrobial, antioxidant, wound healing, anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic potentials of Ec.Me were evaluated using well-established in vitro and in vivo models. ELISA assay was performed to estimate the effects of Ec.Me treatment on serum levels of TNF-α. HPLC analysis identified quercetin as one of the major compounds in Ec.Me. Safety study data showed that Ec.Me was safe up to the dose of 2000 mg/kg. Antimicrobial assay data showed that Ec. Me was active against bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus) as well as fungal (Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger) strains. Ec.Me showed modertate antioxidant potential in in vitro and in vivo models. Data of excision and burn wound healing models showed that Ec.Me, promoted wound closure in a dose and time-dependent manner. Treatment with 20% Ec.Me cream and heparin showed almost the same effects with no statistical differences (p > 0.05). Ec.Me also showed time-dependent anti-inflammatory activities in both acute and chronic models. In carrageenan model, treatment with 200 mg/kg of Ec.Me showed comparable anti-inflammatory effects (p > 0.05) with quercetin and indomethacin throughout the study. In cotton Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-020-00713-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Muhammad Asif [email protected]
Hafiz Muhammad Yousaf [email protected]
Hafiza Sidra Yaseen [email protected]
Maria Yaseen [email protected]
Malik Saadullah [email protected]
1
Mahrukh [email protected]
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
2
Sajid Asghar [email protected]
Department of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
3
FMH College of Medicine and Dentistry, Lahore, Pakistan
4
Department of Pharmacology, Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
5
Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
Muhammad U
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