Methodological advances for measuring low-level radium isotopes in seawater
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Methodological advances for measuring low-level radium isotopes in seawater P. B. Henderson • P. J. Morris • W. S. Moore M. A. Charette
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Received: 13 July 2012 / Published online: 19 August 2012 Ó Akade´miai Kiado´, Budapest, Hungary 2012
Abstract A new approach for quantifying radium isotopes in seawater was developed in advance of the international GEOTRACES program, which has the goal of identifying processes and quantifying fluxes that control the distribution of trace elements and isotopes (TEIs) in the ocean. High-resolution water column samples were collected via a commercially available in situ pump modified to accept multiple filter media including a manganeseoxide (MnO2) impregnated acrylic cartridge for extracting dissolved radionuclides from seawater. The modifications mitigated prefilter clogging and allowed for up to 1,800 L filtrations in 4 h of pumping. Different MnO2 cartridge preparation methods were investigated to achieve maximum radium (Ra) extraction efficiency under high sample flow rates. Full-ocean depth profiles were measured for short-lived radium isotopes (223Ra and 224Ra) in shipboard laboratories using a delayed coincidence alpha scintillation counter (RaDeCC). Samples were reanalyzed 4 weeks and 2 months after collection for 228Th and 227Ac to correct for supported 224Ra and 223Ra, respectively. Finally, the
P. B. Henderson (&) P. J. Morris M. A. Charette Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 360 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA e-mail: [email protected] P. J. Morris e-mail: [email protected] M. A. Charette e-mail: [email protected] W. S. Moore The Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of South Carolina, 701 Sumter Street, EWS 617, Columbia, SC 29208, USA e-mail: [email protected]
cartridges were measured on a gamma-ray spectrometer for the long-lived radium isotopes (226Ra and 228Ra). Parallel 20 L samples at each pumping depth were collected from Niskin bottles and analyzed via alpha scintillation for 226Ra to determine radium extraction efficiencies for the cartridges. These modified methods will allow for increased sample throughput, and hence higher spatial resolution for radium isotopes in the ocean. Such resolution will greatly improve the determination of oceanic vertical and horizontal mixing rates over small and large scales, which in turn can be used to calculate fluxes of TEIs into the ocean. Keywords Radium MnO2 cartridge GEOTRACES Ocean mixing In situ pumping
Introduction Naturally-occurring radium isotopes (223Ra, 224Ra, 226Ra, and 228Ra) have been used as tracers of submarine groundwater discharge and to estimate vertical and horizontal mixing rates in the open ocean [1–3]. For example, radium derived mixing rates have been used to determine upper ocean fluxes of trace elements like iron that control phytoplankton production and subsequent carbon dioxide draw down from the Earth’s atmosphere [4, 5]. Analysis of radium isotopes in seawater typically begins with a preconcentration
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