Methods of Mathematical Analysis of Heart Rate Variability
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Methods of Mathematical Analysis of Heart Rate Variability
A. A. Fedotov*, S. A. Akulov, and E. V. Timchenko
This article reviews contemporary methods for analysis of heart rate variability. Along with classical processing methods using spectral and statistical assessments, novel approaches based on analysis of the nonlinear heart rate dynamics are also discussed.
Introduction Diagnosis of the state of the body based on results from observations of changes in measures of regulatory activity of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) corre spond with the contemporary concept of determining the state of the human body by evaluating integral parameters of the body’s physiological systems. Such parameters pro vide for realtime assessment of complex body responses to the actions of both endogenous and external factors [1]. Heart rate (HR) is the most accessible function for recording a physiological parameter reflecting autonomic regulation in the cardiovascular system and the body as a whole. The dynamic characteristics of heart rate provide for assessment of the extent of shifts in the activity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic compartments of the ANS when body state changes. Analysis of autonomic regulation based on observa tion of changes in heart rate parameters allows detection of the patterns typical for the diagnosis of a whole series of pathological states in different areas of medicine. For example, monitoring of heart rate indicators during gen eral anesthesia in emergency medicine allows the dynam ics of ANS responses to surgical trauma and anesthesia to be followed [1]; decreases in heart rate variability (HRV) in functional diagnosis yields evidence of the early devel opment of cardiogenic disorders.
Samara National Research University named after Academician S.P. Korolev, Samara, Russia; Email: [email protected] * To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Changes in heart rate indicators in stress are known to start before marked biochemical and hormonal changes become apparent, as the reactions of the nervous system generally precede the actions of humoral factors. Thus, observation of ANS activity indicators provides for timely correction of the state of the human body, prevent ing the occurrence of marked stress reactions or the development of cardiac pathology [2, 3]. The simplest method for assessing heart rate parame ters is based on determination of heart rate from the time parameters of physiological processes occurring in the car diovascular system [46]. Monitoring devices used in clin ical practice provide continuous measurement of HR with digital indication. Determination of HR requires recording of a signal reflecting the bioelectrical activity of the heart or arterial blood pulsation, followed by measurement of the durations of the time intervals between identical biosignal fragments, i.e., cardiointervals (CI). Noninvasive methods of measuring arterial blood pressure give HR in terms of changes in pressure in an occluding cuff. Direct measurements of pressure in the maj
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