Micro- and Macronutrient Signalling in Plant Cells: A Proteomic Standpoint Under Stress Conditions
Micronutrients, like zinc, boron and sulphur, are crucial in electron transport chains of plant cells, membranes and organelles and DNA, RNA and protein interactions. Macronutrients such as potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen, magnesium, calcium and sulphur p
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Micro- and Macronutrient Signalling in Plant Cells: A Proteomic Standpoint Under Stress Conditions Jameel R. Al-Obaidi
Abstract Micronutrients, like zinc, boron and sulphur, are crucial in electron transport chains of plant cells, membranes and organelles and DNA, RNA and protein interactions. Macronutrients such as potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen, magnesium, calcium and sulphur play a critical role in early and rapid growth, healthy green colour, root formation, seed production, hardening and plant resistance to disease and flower formation. The balance between the existence of these molecules in an optimum concentration to avoid deficiency indications and the excessive amount that might lead to toxicity is essential for healthy plant growth. Unbalance in the level of concentration in those molecules might lead to effect on the plant growth, delay in fruit maturation and production of nutrient-deficient plants. Proteomic methods show variations of different proteins with multiple functions that might have a direct effect on nutrient deficiency or plant cellular damage. This chapter discusses the involvement of proteomic research on macro-micronutrient content and their effect on plant cell growth and development, energy and carbohydrate metabolism, mechanism of macro-micronutrient signalling and mobilization, interaction with the plant environment, and changes in the nutrient content during biotic and abiotic anxiety. Keywords Micronutrients · Proteomics · Cellular damage
J. R. Al-Obaidi (*) Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjong Malim 35900, Perak, Malaysia © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 T. Aftab, K. R. Hakeem (eds.), Plant Micronutrients, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49856-6_10
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Introduction Proteomic of Macronutrient Deficiency Nitrogen (N) is one of the crucial macronutrients for proteins, nucleic acid synthesis and plant metabolite biosynthesis. N deficiency in plants may lead to chlorotic plant leaves and at the end reduction of plant productivity (Kusano et al. 2011; Zhao et al. 2005). In a proteomic study on rapeseed (Brassica napus), changes in the cell wall proteins (cellulose synthase) and especially peroxidases quite likely modified the rigidity of the root cell wall which may lead to root expansion and elongation (Qin et al. 2019). One of the issues affecting citrus plantations is magnesium (Mg) deficiency which is frequently observed and considered responsible for the yield reduction and low fruit quality. Knowledge of the effects of Mg deficiency on upstream targets is scarce. A proteomic study on orange was conducted during long-term Mg deficiency in leaves than in roots. Mg deficiency decreased the levels of many proteins involved in photosynthesis such as aldolase, photosynthetic electron transfer-like protein and oxygen-evolving enhancer protein 1, thus decreasing leaf photosynthesis (Peng et al. 2015). Phosphorus deficiency limits plant growth and development (Plaxton and Tran 2011). A
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