Microbiome response to diet: focus on obesity and related diseases
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Microbiome response to diet: focus on obesity and related diseases Nathalie M. Delzenne 1
&
Julie Rodriguez 1 & Marta Olivares 1 & Audrey M. Neyrinck 1
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Numerous studies in humans and animal models describe disturbances of the gut microbial ecosystem associated with adiposity and hallmarks of the metabolic syndrome, including hepatic and cardiovascular diseases. The manipulation of the microbiome, which is largely influenced by the diet, appears as an innovative therapeutic tool to prevent or control obesity and related diseases. This review describes the impact of nutrients on the gut microbiota composition and/or function and when available, the consequences on host physiology. A special emphasis is made on the contribution of bacterial-derived metabolites in the regulation of key gut functions that may explain their systemic effect. Keywords Microbiota . Metabolic disorders . Obesity . Nutrition
1 The role of the gut microbiota in host physiology Microbial cells are present in numbers (~1014) as compared to human cells with an overwhelming majority (> 99%) located in the gut [1]. The gut microbiome contains all domains of microbial life at very different relative concentrations in term of total DNA: bacteria (~93%), vira (~5.8%), Archaea (~0.8%), Eukarya (~0.2%), and fungi (~0.1%) [2]. Although recent works highlighted that fungi, protozoa and microbial eukaryotes constitute a smaller but potentially important part of the gut microbiome, bacteria and Archaea have received most of the attention in human microbiome studies [1, 3, 4]. The gut bacteria belong mostly to 5 phyla which populate the large intestine. Approximately 90% of bacterial species belong to the phyla Firmicutes (i.e. Bacillus spp.) and Bacteroidetes (Bacteroides spp.), with the other important phyla being Actinobacteria (Bifidobacterium spp.), Proteobacteria (Escherichia, Helicobacter), and Verrucomicrobia (Akkermansia spp.) [5]. However, there is a large diversity between subjects, which confers a high interindividual variability in terms of microbiome composition [6].
* Nathalie M. Delzenne [email protected] 1
Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
The gut microbiota interacts with the “host” organisms by several ways. The gut microbiota, and more precisely some bacterial metabolites or components, are able through the interaction with specific receptors, by modulating cell host gene expression or post-translational processes, or simply by acting as metabolic substrates in eukaryotic cells, to influence host immunity, metabolism, neuro-endocrine function, and behavior [7–11]. For example, short chain fatty acids (SCFA) such as acetate, propionate, or butyrate, produced upon the microbial fermentation of carbohydrates and fibers, may influence the production of gut hormones (like glucagon-like peptide 1) by the endocrine L cells, thereby having a benefi
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