Diet and Nutrition to Prevent and Treat Cardiovascular Diseases
In this chapter, the effects of nutrients on the human cardiovascular system and the molecular mechanisms of their protective effects are summarized. The etiology and pathomechanisms of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are complex with numerous of gene-envir
- PDF / 1,184,603 Bytes
- 24 Pages / 439.37 x 666.14 pts Page_size
- 69 Downloads / 191 Views
Diet and Nutrition to Prevent and Treat Cardiovascular Diseases Hiroshi Masuda
Abstract
In this chapter, the effects of nutrients on the human cardiovascular system and the molecular mechanisms of their protective effects are summarized. The etiology and pathomechanisms of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are complex with numerous of gene-environment interaction. Importantly, coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most prevalent cause; about 60 % is attributed to dietary patterns. Numerous epidemiologic studies demonstrated the necessity to reduce total calories, the consumption of high glycemic index (GI) foods, sodium, saturated fats, and trans-fats and to increase the consumption of dietary fiber, complex carbohydrates, fruits, and vegetables. Major cardioprotective mechanisms of nutrients are classified as follows: (1) activating sirtuins (caloric restriction), (2) ameliorating serum lipid profiles (MUFA, n-3 PUFA, carotenoids, dietary fiber), (3) decreasing insulin resistances (MUFA, low GI diet), (4) anti-inflammatory effects (n-3 PUFA, n-6 PUFA, niacin, vitamin D, low GI diet), (5) antioxidants (niacin, vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids, low GI diet), (6) antithrombogenic actions (MUFA, n-3 PUFA, niacin, vitamin D, vitamin E), (7) improving vascular functions (n-3 PUFA, n-6 PUFA, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E), (8) antiarrhythmic actions (n-3 PUFA), and (9) lowering homocysteine levels (B vitamins). Although changes in the quality of food is as important as restricting calorie intake, more information is needed to clarify the relation between the intake of defined nutrients and the risk of heart diseases. Keywords
Cardiovascular disease • Caloric restriction • Dietary sodium • Saturated fatty acid • Monounsaturated fatty acid • n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid • n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid • Trans-fatty acid • B vitamins • Vitamin C • Vitamin D • Vitamin E • Carotenoid • Carbohydrate • Dietary fiber H. Masuda Department of Internal Medicine, Nishinomiya Kaisei Hospital, 1-4 Ohama-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 662-0957, Japan e-mail: [email protected] I. Wakabayashi, K. Groschner (eds.), Interdisciplinary Concepts in Cardiovascular Health, DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-1334-9_5, © Springer-Verlag Wien 2013
103
104
5.1
H. Masuda
Introduction
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is important as a lifestyle-related disease, although the inherited character to CVD has been documented. Among many lifestyle factors in CVD, diet factor has been a major focus of health research for almost half a century. Although epidemiological studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) demonstrate protective or hazardous effects of various nutrients for cardiovascular system, little information is actually available on how these effects are mediated at the molecular level. This chapter focuses on health research between diet and CVD and attempts to highlight the molecular targets of natural compounds of food in the cardiovascular system.
5.2
Caloric Restriction
Since the initial rodent study of 1935 (MaCay et al. 1935), hund
Data Loading...
