MicroCT Imaging of Heart Valve Tissue in Fluid
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SP ISS: EXPERIMENTAL ADVANCES IN CARDIOVASCULAR BIOMECHANICS
MicroCT Imaging of Heart Valve Tissue in Fluid S.E. Stephens 1
&
M. Bean 1 & H. Surber 1 & N.B. Ingels 1 & H.K. Jensen 1,2 & S. Liachenko 3 & J.F. Wenk 4 & M.O. Jensen 1
Received: 4 February 2020 / Revised: 12 August 2020 / Accepted: 22 September 2020 # Society for Experimental Mechanics 2020
Abstract Background Heart valve computational models require high quality geometric input data, commonly obtained using microcomputed tomography. Whether in the open or closed configuration, most studies utilize dry valves, which poses significant challenges including gravitational and surface tension effects along with desiccation induced mechanical changes. Objective These challenges are overcome by scanning in a stress-free configuration in fluid. Utilizing fluid backgrounds however reduces overall contrast due to the similar density of fluid and tissue. Methods The work presented here demonstrates imaging of the mitral valve by utilizing an iodine-based staining solution to improve the contrast of valve tissue against a fluid background and investigates the role of stain time and concentration. Results It is determined that an Olea europaea oil bath with a relatively high concentration, short stain time approach produces high quality imagery suitable for creating accurate 3D renderings. Conclusions Micro-CT scanning of heart valves in fluid is shown to be feasible using iodine staining techniques. Keywords MicroCT . μCT . Contrast-enhanced . Mitral valve
Introduction High resolution in vitro imaging of the mitral valve (MV) has been successfully demonstrated using several imaging modalities such as high Tesla MRI [1] and micro-computed tomography (μCT) [2–4]. Challenges remain to image the valve in its stress free, natural state submerged in a liquid fluid. We reported for the first time the use of 7 T MRI to obtain images of the valve in its natural state submerged and neutrally buoyant in a liquid fluid [1]. However, using high resolution MRI presents several challenges, such as time of scanning, cost, type of fluid, materials restrictions, etc. Of critical importance to the utility of 3D MV datasets for use in computational simulations is the shape of the annulus * M.O. Jensen [email protected] 1
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
2
Departments of Radiology and Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
3
Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
4
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
and position/orientation of the papillary muscles (PM) [5]. The geometric configuration of the valve, including annulus shape [6, 7] and PM position and orientation [8, 9], directly affects the strain distribution and coaptation, altering valve competence. As MV 3D datasets are frequently used as input for Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and Computational Fluid Dy
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