Polycaprolactone-Hydroxyapatite Composite Membrane Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering
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Polycaprolactone-Hydroxyapatite Composite Membrane Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering Sabrina Morelli1, Daniele Facciolo1, Antonietta Messina1,2, Antonella Piscioneri1, Simona Salerno1, Enrico Drioli1,2 and Loredana De Bartolo1 1
Institute on Membrane Technology, National Research Council of Italy, ITM-CNR, c/o University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, cubo 17/C, Rende (CS), Italy. 2 Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University of Calabria, Rende (CS) Italy. ABSTRACT Bone tissue engineering typically involves the use of porous, bioresorbable scaffolds to serve as temporary, three-dimensional scaffolds to guide cell attachment, differentiation, proliferation, and subsequent tissue regeneration. In this study we developed a composite membrane scaffold by phase inversion technique by using biodegradable polyester, Polycaprolactone (PCL), with hydroxyapatite (HA) in order to develop novel controlled nanostructured biomaterials for bone tissue engineering applications.After preparation, membrane scaffolds were characterized in order to evaluate its morphological, physico-chemical and mechanical properties and then used for the cell culture. Our experimental design consists to apply the knowledge of natural bone tissue remodelling in an in vitro membrane biohybrid system. We used human mesenchymal stem cells for culture in the membrane scaffolds inducing the differentiation in osteoblasts and human monocytes to trigger osteoclastogenesis. Osteoclastic resorption of the scaffold material would lead to subsequent induction of osteoblasts and faster bone formation with mesenchymal stem cells. Our results show that osteoblasts and osteoclasts were successfully differentiated in the developed PCL-HA membrane scaffold. This membrane system will lead to insights in the creation of a controllable osteoinductive microenvironment based on the specific properties (e.g. basic composition, surface chemistry, architecture) and on the function (resorption coupled to proliferation and differentiation) of defined cellular systems. INTRODUCTION Bone tissue engineering is a complex and dynamic process that initiates with migration and recruitment of osteoprogenitor cells followed by their proliferation, differentiation, matrix formation along with remodelling of the bone [1]. Recent research strongly suggests that the choice of scaffold material and its internal porous architecture significantly affect regenerated tissue type, structure, and function. Scaffold materials must also have mechanical properties appropriate to support the newly formed tissue. Different types of biodegradable polymers, either natural or synthetic biopolymers, offer advantages for scaffolds fabrication and are widely used in tissue engineering. Chitosan is one the most important natural polymer reported to be safe and osteoconductive [2], whereas Polylactic acid (PLA), Polyglycolic acid (PGA) and Polycaprolactone (PCL) due to their ability in the improvement the extracellular matrices synthesis and the bone like tissue formation are widely used in t
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