Microstructural Characterization of Pure Tin Produced by the Drop-on-Demand Technique of Liquid Metal Jetting
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cent years, liquid metal jetting* (LMJ), a solid *This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor Lawrence Livermore National Security (LLC) nor any of their employees makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or Lawrence Livermore National Security (LLC). The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or Lawrence Livermore National Security (LLC) and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes.
freeform fabrication process for producing 3D metallic parts through the control of metal droplets, has drawn a considerable amount of interest as a cost-effective
YAAKOV IDELL, NICHOLAS WATKINS, ANDREW PASCALL, JASON JEFFRIES, and KERRI BLOBAUM are with the Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550. Contact e-mail: [email protected]. Manuscript submitted March 15, 2019. Article published online July 3, 2019 4000—VOLUME 50A, SEPTEMBER 2019
alternative to the more prevalent selective laser-melting techniques of additive manufacturing. Due to the noncontact direct deposition associated with LMJ, there is no need for expensive spherical metal powder feedstock, equipment, or molds. LMJ has already been shown to be important in the electronic manufacturing industry where it can supplant traditional photolithography and plating methods due to the reduced manufacturing time, lower cost, and no requirement for acid washes.[1,2] LMJ has two major techniques: uniform droplet spray (LMJ-UDS) and drop-on-demand (LMJ-DoD). The LMJ-UDS technique is based on Rayleigh’s capillarity instability of a laminar jet where a jet of molten metal is broken into uniform droplets by applying a periodic perturbation to the jet at a specific frequency and amplitude.[3–5] LMJ-UDS is considered a continuous jetting technique because the formation of droplets occurs at a measurable distance below the nozzle or orifice where the jet emanates from. This technique can spray metal droplets with great uniformity and high generation rate; however, it can be challenging to control the droplet position for high droplet generation and deposition rate.[6] On the other hand, the LMJ-DoD technique produces discrete droplets at the nozzle by inducing a volumetric change in the fluid either through displacement of a piezoelectric material that is coupled to the fluid,[1] a high-speed solenoid to generate the necessary pulse pressure,[7–9] or inducing an internal current in th
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