Microstructural, Electrical, Optical and Magnetic Properties of Fe- and Cu-Doped In 1.95 Cr 0.05 O 3 Thin Films Synthesi
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Microstructural, Electrical, Optical and Magnetic Properties of Feand Cu-Doped In1.95Cr0.05O3 Thin Films Synthesised by Sol-Gel Method H. Baqiah 1
&
N. B. Ibrahim 2 & A. H. Shaari 3 & Z. A. Talib 3
Received: 7 May 2020 / Accepted: 15 July 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In2O3 is multifunctional material with rich physical phenomena. In this paper, effects of Fe and Cu doping on the physical properties of In1.95-xCr0.05MxO3 (M = Fe, Cu) thin films prepared by sol-gel method followed by spin-coating technique were investigated. The films were characterised using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV–vis spectrophotometer, Hall effect, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and vibrating sample magnetometer. Doping with Cu reduced the lattice parameter and optical transmittance of In1.95-xCr0.05MxO3 films more than that with Fe. In addition, Cu doping induced p-type conductivity in In1.95-xCr0.05MxO3 films. Optical band gap was increased from 3.76 eV for In1.95Cr0.05O3 to ~ 3.8 eV for both Cu- and Fe-doped films, which was attributed to quantum confinement behaviour. Average grain size measured using TEM was reduced from 8.2 nm for In1.95Cr0.05O3 to 6.6 and 5.6 nm for Fe and Cu doped films, respectively. Saturation magnetisation of films was reduced with Fe doping more than that with Cu doping. Magnetic behaviours of films were explained within the framework of bound magnetic polaron model. Keywords Sol-gel . Doping . P-type conductivity . Magnetic behaviour . BMP model . Oxygen vacancy
1 Introduction Transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) are multifunctional materials that combine between good electrical conductivity and high optical transmittance, and have a great potential for wide technology applications. They can be used according to their physical properties in flat-panel displays, solar cells and gas sensors [1, 2]. In addition, TCOs with magnetic properties * H. Baqiah [email protected] * N. B. Ibrahim [email protected] 1
Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, No.566 University Rd. West, Dezhou, Shandong, China
2
School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
3
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
are promised materials for spintronic applications [3, 4]. The In2O3 system is one of the important TCO materials that show fascinating physical properties, such as electrical, optical and magnetic properties, after being doped with transition metals (TMs). For example, the electrical property has been improved by doping it with Mo or Sn [5, 6], while the optical transmission has been increased by doping it with W or Cr [7, 8]. In addition, the magnetic property has been reported in several TMs, Fe-, Cr-, Co- and Mn-doped In2O3 system [9–11]. The doping with more than one ion, i.e. co-doping, enhanced some p
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