Microstructure, Wear, and Corrosion Characteristics of TiC-Laser Surface Cladding on Low-Carbon Steel
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INTRODUCTION
LOW-CARBON steels are used as structural materials due to combinations of their good mechanical properties, toughness, and low cost.[1] However, the low wear and erosion resistances and high corrosiveness in nature of these steels cause limitations for their wide applications.[1] So, it is suggested that protecting the steel surface with materials having a high degree of wear and corrosion resistances was an adequate solution to improve durability and performance of the mild steel, without decreasing the core greater toughness.[2] Case carburizing,[3,4] nitriding, or carbonitriding[3] are used to harden the steel surface to a small depth. These techniques are impractical for severe environments, where the high intensity loads and /or corrosive media can damage the thin coating layer, where a deeper hardened surface layer is required.[5] Moreover, thermal spraying, plasma spraying,[6] and traditional arc welding[7] are used to build a reasonable thick hard surface layer composed of composites reinforced with carbides. On the other hand, they posses several limitations, e.g., high energy consumption, complex heat treatment schedule, wider heat-affected zone (HAZ), lack of solid solubility limit, and slower kinetics. Furthermore, most of the above-mentioned techniques are not environment friendly.[2] As one of the new and effective treatments, HASHEM F. EL-LABBAN, Assistant Professor, and ALI ALGAHTANI, Professor, are with the Faculty of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. ESSAM RABEA IBRAHIM MAHMOUD, Assistant Professor, is with the Faculty of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and also with the Central Metallurgical Research & Development Institute (CMRDI), Cairo, Egypt. Contact e-mail: emahoud@ kku.edu.sa Manuscript submitted March 3, 2015. Article published online February 8, 2016. 974—VOLUME 47B, APRIL 2016
laser surface cladding (LSC) can be applied to overcome the above disadvantages.[8] LSC has been proven to be capable of producing adherent, hard, and wear, corrosion, fatigue, and fracture-resistant coatings on a diverse range of materials under the condition of rapid melting and solidification.[8,9] Significant grain refinement and homogeneous microstructures with small dendrites in surface layer can be achieved.[10] Laser heating process has narrow beam focusing zone, low heat input which in turn creates a very narrow HAZ, less residual stresses as well as less deformation without additional pre- and post-weld thermal treatments.[11] These properties can minimize microstructural changes in the base metal which may lower the fracture toughness.[12] Moreover, laser treatment has precise control over the width and depth of processing, ability to selectively process specific areas of a component, and ability to process complex parts. Various lasers such as CO2 laser, neodymiumdoped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser, diode laser, and fiber laser have been developed for LSC. Fiber laser has some advantages such as simplicity, high electri
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