Microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of lithium-rich layered oxide cathode materials with high stability
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of lithium-rich layered oxide cathode materials with high stability Hang Chen 1 & Rui Ren 1 & Min Wei 1 & Wei Chu 1 Received: 11 May 2020 / Revised: 4 August 2020 / Accepted: 14 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Lithium-rich layered oxides have the advantages of high specific capacity (> 250 mAh g−1) and high energy density, which make them highly competitive in the lithium-ion cathode material market. However, low efficiency, poor cycle stability, and poor rate performance severely constrained their development. In this paper, the spherical lithium-rich Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 compound was rapidly synthesized by microwave hydrothermal method, and the microwave hydrothermal time was optimized. The samples were characterized and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy (Raman), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The prepared lithium-rich compound is porous spherical secondary particles, of which the size distributed between 2.5 and 3.5 μm, which makes materials have larger specific surface area and active potential and promotes the improvement of electrochemical kinetics. The results of 100 charge-discharge cycles show that the microwave hydrothermal 40-min cathode has good stability, and the capacity retention rate can reach 91.4%. Furthermore, it can still provide a discharge capacity of 160.5 mAh g−1 at a current density of 5 C. Keywords Lithium-rich layered oxides . Li-ion battery . Microwave hydrothermal synthesis . Porous spheres . High stability
Introduction In the past few decades, with the increasing depletion of fossil fuels, it is imminent to develop clean and renewable energy. In order to solve the current energy crisis and severe environmental problems, solar energy and wind energy have put forward higher and higher requirements. Due to the virtue of large capacity, long cycle life, high energy density, and low cost, lithium batteries are currently considered to be one of the most promising energy storage materials. With the continuous development of electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles, there has been an urgent need for electrode materials with high energy density. Lithium-rich manganese-based layered oxides (LLOs, Li 1.2 Ni 0.13 Co 0.13 Mn 0.54 O 2 ) have a higher capacity (> 250 mAh g−1) than current commercial cathode materials (LiFePO4, LiMn2O4, LiCoO2) on account of their special * Rui Ren [email protected] * Wei Chu [email protected] 1
School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
layered structure [1, 2], which is a next-generation cathode material for lithium-ion battery with extremely high potential. Nevertheless, the poor conductivity and rearrangement of different ions (manganese, nickel, and cobalt) during initial activation often make the rate performance not so ideal [3–5]. The electrochemical performance of cathode materials can be improved by using different synthesis methods. Accor
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