Migration on Wings Aerodynamics and Energetics
This book is an effort to explore the technical aspects associated with bird flight and migration on wings. After a short introduction on the birds migration, the book reviews the aerodynamics and Energetics of Flight and presents the calculation of the M
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Lakshmi Kantha
Migration on Wings Aerodynamics and Energetics
123
Lakshmi Kantha Aerospace Engineering Sciences University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
ISSN 2191-530X ISBN 978-3-642-27924-9 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-27925-6
e-ISSN 2191-5318 e-ISBN 978-3-642-27925-6
Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012930488 Ó The Author(s) 2012 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Abstract
Birds have been an object of human emotions, admiration, fascination, inspiration, and, of course, envy. Humans have always marveled at their ability to take to the skies and in some cases, seemingly effortlessly carry out seasonal migrations over unimaginably long distances. Birds are an engineer’s dream. Millions of years of evolution have perfected these flying machines. Their extremely light weight bone structure is essential to keeping them airborne. Their wings generate both thrust and lift, a feat that human-built flying contraptions had great difficulty imitating. They are not only ideally suited to flapping and in many cases soaring flight, but can be folded and stowed away into a compact package after the flight. Their flight muscles are adept at converting body
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